• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2016

Globally, the burden of breast cancer (BC) continues to increase. BC related lymphedema (BCRL) is currently non curable and as a life time risk it affects at least 25% of BC patients. Knowing more about BCRL and appropriate control of its modifiable risk factors can improve quality of life (QOL) of the affected patients. In this case control study to detect factors, 400 women with BCRL (as the case group) and 283 patients with BC without lymphedema (as the control group) that were referred to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated BC clinic center were assessed. The data were analyzed in SPSS. The mean age of the case group was $52.3{\pm}11.0years$ and of the control group was $50.1{\pm}10.9years$. In patients with BCRL, 203(50.7%) had left (Lt) side BC and in non- lymphedema group 151 (53.3%) had Lt side BC. Out of all BCRL patients, 204 (51%) had lymphedema in all parts of their affected upper extremities, 100 (25%) had swelling in the arm and forearm and 23 (5.7%) had edema in both the upper extremity and trunk. Edema, heaviness, concern about changing body image, pain and paresthesia were the most common signs/symptoms among patients with BCRL. In BCRL patients, the difference of circumference between the affected upper limb and non-affected limb was $4.4{\pm}2.5cm$ and the difference in volume displacement was $528.7{\pm}374.4milliliters$. Multiple variable analysis showed that moderate to severe activity (OR; odds ratio =14, 95% CI :2.6-73.3), invasiveness of BC (OR =13.7, 95% CI :7.3-25.6), modified radical mastectomy (OR=4.3, 95% CI :2.3-7.9), BMI =>25 (OR=4.2, 95% CI :2-8.7), radiotherapy (OR=3.9, 95% CI :1.8-8.2), past history of limb damage (OR=1.7, 95% CI :0.9-3.1) and the number of excised lymph nodes (OR=1.06, 95% CI :1.02-1.09) were the significant predictors of lymphedema in women with BC. Modifiable risk factors of BCRL such as non-guided moderate to severe physical activity, high BMI and trauma to the limb should be controlled as early as possible in BC patients to prevent development of BCRL and improve QOL of these patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1262-1275
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• 2013

Awamori is produced by fermenting steamed indica rice. Awamori-pressed lees is a by-product of the Awamori production process. Tofu lees is a by-product of the Tofu production process. Research was conducted to test if dried Awamori-pressed lees and Tofu lees can be used as a mixed feed ingredient for raising male goats. Eighteen male kids were divided into three groups of six animals (control feed group (CFG), Awamori-pressed lees mixed feed group (AMFG), Tofu lees mixed feed group (TMFG)). The CFG used feed containing 20% soybean meal as the main protein source, while the AMFG and TMFG used feed mixed with 20% dried Awamori-pressed lees or dried Tofu lees. The groups were fed mixed feed (volume to provide 100 g/d increase in body weight) and alfalfa hay cubes (2.0 kg/d) twice a day (10:00, 16:00). Klein grass hay and water was given ad libitum. Hay intake was measured at 10:00 and 16:00. Body weight and size measurements were taken once a month. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was drawn from the jugular vein of each animal and the carcass characteristics, the physical and chemical characteristics of loin were analyzed. DCP and TDN intakes in AMFG and TMFG showed no significant difference to the CFG. Cumulative measurements of growth in body weight and size over the 10 mo period in the AMFG and TMFG were similar to the CFG. Blood parameter values were similar to those in normal goats. Dressing carcass weight and percentages, and total weight of meat in the AMFG were similar to that in the CFG, but smaller in the TMFG. The compressed meat juice ratio was higher in both the TMFG and AMFG than the CFG. While the fat in corn, Awamori-pressed lees, and Tofu lees contains more than 50% linoleic acid, the loin fat in both the AMFG and TMFG was very low in linoleic acid due to the increase in the content of oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid. This indicates that feeding on AMF and TMF does not inhibit hydrogenation by ruminal microorganisms. As in the CFG, the total essential and non-essential amino acids in the loin of the AMFG and TMFG were well balanced. Compared to the CFG, the AMFG and TMFG were high in taurine and carnosine. The results indicate dried Awamori-pressed lees and Tofu lees can be used as a feed ingredient for raising male goats.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.263-270
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• 2018

In most industry fields concerning external flow noise problems, the hybrid computational aeroacoustic techniques based on the FW-H (Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings) equation are widely used for its numerical efficiency. However, when the surface integral form of FW-H equation is used without volume quadrupole sources, it is known to generate significant non-physical noise in a certain case. Especially, in the case of a flow in which the tip vortex cavitation is formed in the distant downstream direction such as flow driven by an underwater propeller, the accuracy in noise prediction becomes poor unless it is not properly modelled. Therefore, in this study, the nonphysical acoustic waves caused by the surface integral form of FW-H equation is reduced by adding the quadrupole correction term. First, to verify the accuracy of the in-house code of FW-H equation, the noise by an axial fan used in the outdoor unit of air conditioner was calculated and compared with the results of ANSYS Fluent. In order to verify the effects of the quadrupole correction term, the noise prediction for isentropic vortex convection is performed and it is confirmed that the error is reduced by the quadrupole correction term. Finally, the noise prediction is performed for the flow field generated by the Clark-Y hydrofoil in underwater. It is confirmed that the error caused by the cavitation passing through the integral surface can be reduced by the quadrupole correction term.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.22
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• pp.27-40
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• 2019

Minutes of cabinet meetings (hereafter referred to as "minutes") offer records on important activities of the government of the Republic of Korea. The National Archives of Korea has implemented a series of preservation for these minutes such as condition survey, deacidification, microfilming, digitization, making boxes, etc. Conservation treatment plans were further established in 2018 to pursue more preservation of over 2,000 volumes of minutes based on the result of the condition survey of the minutes. Among ninety-seven volumes that require conservation treatments, six volumes have been treated so far. A major concern of conservation treatment of minutes was found that a single volume of minutes contains 800 pages, leading to heavier and bulkier than most of other bound volumes. This paper presents the measures taken to solve the problems resulting from this bulky structure of the bound minutes. It is expected that the study will offer an opportunity to consider effective conservation methods for records on paper of which the physical shapes are yet to be determined.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.500-505
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• 2007

The objectives of this research were to (1) identify the membrane fouling potential due to different fractions of NOM (2) correlate the physicochemical properties of NOM and membranes with the adsorption of humic substances on membrane (4) find out the effect of membrane physical and chemical washing according to membrane material. The static adsorption test and adsorption test showed that hydrophobic organics adsorbed much more quickly than hydrophilic organics. In case of the effect of membrane properties on the adsorption of organic fractions, the adsorption rate ratio(a) of hydrophobic membrane (0.016, 0.077) was greater than that of hydrophilic membrane (0.010, 0.033) regardless of the kind of organic fractions. This suggests that the UF membrane fouling were occurred mainly by internal pore size decreasing due to adsorption of organic into pore surface for hydrophobic membrane, and by sieving of organics and forming a gel layer on the membrane surface for hydrophilic membrane. In conclusion, the decrease in the pore volume, which was caused by the organic adsorption into the internal pore, was greater with the hydrophobic membrane than with the hydrophilic membrane. In case of the effect of membrane properties on permeate flux, the rate of flux decline for the hydrophobic membrane was significantly greater than that for the hydrophilic membrane.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.533-544
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• 2015

Unlike the concrete structure built on land, that exposed to the marine environment is greatly degraded in durability due to the exposure to not only the physical action caused by sea wind, tide, and wave, but also the harsh conditions, including the chemical erosion and freeze-thaw which result from $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions in seawater. In the process of the large scaled construction of submerged concrete structures, of course environmental hazardous substance, such as alkaline (pH) and heavy metals, may be leached. Thus, this issue needs to be adequately reviewed and studied. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a CSA (Calcium Sulfo Aluminate) activator using electric arc furnace reducing slags, as well as the eco-friendly concrete for artificial reefs using electric arc furnace oxidizing slag as aggregate for concrete. The strength properties of the eco-friendly concrete exposed to the marine environment were lower than those of the normal concrete by curing 28 days. This suggest that additional studies are needed to improve the early strength of the eco-friendly concrete. With respect to seawater resistance of the eco-friendly concrete, the average strength loss against 1 year of curing days reached 8-9%. the eco-friendly concrete using high volume of ground granulated blast furnace slags and high specific gravity of electronic arc furnace oxidizing slag demonstrated the sufficient usability as a freeze-thaw resistant material. With respect to heavy metal leaching properties of the eco-friendly concrete, heavy metal substances were immobilized by chemical bonding in the curing process through the hydration of concrete. Thus, heavy metal substances were neither identified at or below environmental hazard criteria nor detected, suggesting that the eco-friendly concrete is safe in terms of leaching of hazardous substances.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.61-72
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• 2013

Purpose - It is widely accepted that the process of developing marketing strategy is composed of three steps: market segmentation, target market selection and positioning. However, mass marketing strategy based on cost reduction through economies of scale and standardized products, can be also an effective strategic option. Many marketing scholars including Theodore Levitt emphasize the importance of applying the mass production concept to various industries including service industries. Especially, in times of economic downturn, the capability of providing consumers with low-priced, value products can be an important source of competitive advantage, as well as the ability of providing high-priced premium products. Marketers should decide whether they will implement mass marketing strategy or target marketing strategy. The present study theoretically shows that firms should understand the target customers' price elasticity as well as the firm's cost structure in order to make such a strategic decision. Research design, data, and methodology - Instead of implementing an empirical study, this study provides a theoretical(mathematical) investigation on the effect of consumers' price elasticity on a firm's optimal price level, profit, sales volume, revenue, and cost. The results are mostly deduced from derivative calculations and several graphs are utilized to represent the results on the relationships between the variables under study. Results - The analytical results suggest that it is more profitable for a firm to adopt the segment/target marketing strategy (more specifically the differentiation strategy) when the degree of consumers' heterogeneity is high and the proportion of the fixed cost in the total cost is low. On the other hand, if the degree of consumers' heterogeneity is low and the fixed cost is high, it is better to adopt the mass marketing strategy or the cost leadership strategy. The strategy of concentrating on a single target market will be effective when consumers' needs are highly heterogeneous but the fixed cost is high. Any of the three types of generic strategies proposed my Porter(1980, 1985) can be applied when both the consumers' heterogeneity and the fixed cost are low. This study also proposes the contribution-margin-based method for developing the optimal pricing strategy. Conclusions - One of the primary roles of marketers is to find a proper compromise between the two conflicting goals of maximizing customer satisfaction and minimizing cost. In order to do so, he or she should understand the characteristics of the target customers as well as the cost structure of the firm. In addition to the theoretical analyses, this study discusses several business cases and explains how superior companies find the optimal compromise position between these two goals and dominate the market. One of the radical changes recently taking place in business arena is the reduction of production and distribution costs of both physical goods and information due to the advancement and the wide diffusion of information technology. The cost reduction combined with lowered priced elasticity incurred by customized products and services, will enable many firms to adopt the mass customization strategy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.325-331
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• 2017

Adsorption experiments of carbon dioxide were performed on ZSM5 and Molecular Sieve 13X (MS13X) impregnated with Monoethanol Amine (MEA). Adsorption efficiency of $CO_2$ was investigated in a U type packed column with GC/TCD. The adsorption capacities of adsorbents are estimated in the temperature range of $30-80^{\circ}C$. The modified adsorbents was characterized by BET surface area, $N_2$ adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. Surface analysis results showed that the impregnation method did not affect the crystallinity of any adsorbents. BET surface area of the MS13X impregnated amine decreased to $19.945m^2/g$ from $718.335m^2/g$. These reults showed that amine molecules were filled with the pore volume in MS13X, as a results restricting access of nitrogen into the pores. The MEA modified MS13X showed improvement in $CO_2$ adsorption capacity over the ZSM5 impregnated with MEA. The MS13X-MEA showed the highest adsorption capacity due to physical adsorption and chemical adsorption by amino-group content. This results also showed that adsorption capacity of MS13X-MEA increases with the temperature range of $60-80^{\circ}C$ compared with pristine MS13X.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.432-441
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to investigate characteristics of lathe scrap for manufacturing fiber reinforced cementitious composites(FRCCs) to use lathe scrap as a alternative materials of steel fiber. It should be noted that the use of the lathe scrap for making FRCCs raised friendly environmental effect as well as economy because the lathe scrap was a by-product of steel manufactures. For this purpose, various steel scraps were collected from processing plants of metal and then their physical properties were evaluated. Also, steel scraps were classified and analyzed according to the KS D 2101 and then of these scraps, lathe scrap as a alternative materials of steel fiber was suggested. In addition, FRCCs containing lathe scraps were made according to their total volume fractions of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% for water-binder ratios of 30%, 40%, respectively, and then characteristics, such as the workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of those were evaluated. It was observed from the test result that the compressive strengths at 7 and 28 days of FRCCs containing lathe scrap were slightly small but the flexural strengths at 28 days of those increased by 10% compared with plain concrete.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.419-426
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• 1999

In this study, the reaction rate constant, activation energy, total crosslinking density, elastic constant, cure properties ($t_5,\;t_{90}$), modulus, and abrasion resistance of rubber compounds were investigated as a function of cure temperatures, cure systems and reinforcing filler loadings. Reaction rate constants showed strong dependence on thc carbon black loading, cure temperature and cure system, and increased sharply with increasing the reaction temperatures. The lowest activation energy was obtained in the efficient cure (EC) system which corresponds to the high level of sulfur to accelerator ratio, and the activation energy was decreased with decreasing the carbon black loadings. The change of carbon black loadings directly affects the modulus and abrasion resistance, but the change of cure system showed various effects on the rubber compounds. Increased carbon black loadings showed the high modulus, improved abrasion resistance and short scorch time but decrease in crosslinking density and elastic constant. Higher crosslinking density and elastic constant were shown in the EC cure system regardless of carbon black loadings, but scorch timc ($t_5$) was not affected by the change of the ratio of sulfur to accelerator. Rapid optimum cure time ($t_{90}$) were showen in the EC cure system. Also, the equivalent cure curve coefficient of rubber compound was 0.96 for conventional cure (CC) system, and 0.94 for semi-efficient cure (SEC) and EC system regardless carbon black loadings. As regarding the abrasion resistance, wear volume showed the logarithmic increase for the loaded weight.