• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1982

This study was undertaken to delineate the relationship between numerical score and the amount of nursing hours required in the nursing process. Score was a numerical description of the patients functional nursing needs. Therefore this study focused on standard nursing hours required by patient's self-care status. This study observed the 62 patients and 15 R.N. in H. university hospital from Aug. 7, 1982 to Aug. 13, 1982. 1. For the first time, each head nurse assessed self-care status by Schoening's self-care score-Minimal care patient (self-care score: 23, 24) was placed in Group Ⅰ, intermediate care patient (self-care score: 11∼22) was Group Ⅱ, and special care score: 0∼10) was Group Ⅲ. 2. We observed and recorded the nursing care received from nurses according to patient's group. (8AM∼4PM) 3. And, We observed and recorded the activities of nurses in order to determine standard nursing hours required. (8AM∼4PM) 4. If we apply the content of paragraph 3 to paragraph 2, we will predict the number of patient that nurse can care during day time by self-care status. The following results were obtained: 1) Patient's mean self-care score were Group I : 23.9 score Group Ⅱ：17.8 score Group Ⅲ : 1.6 score 2) Nursing hours required by patient's physical function(self-care status) status were Group I : 35 min. Group Ⅱ: 47.5 min. Group Ⅲ : 104.6 min. 3) Nurse's nursing time and distribution required in nursing activities during day duty were A.D.L. : 84.3min. (17.56％) Functional nursing activities : 279.9min. (58.31 ％) Education ＆ Emotional support : 11.3min. (2.35%) Task unrelated patients : 54min. (11.25%) Non Productive nursing care : 50. 5min. (10.52％) 4) Mean nursing hours required by each patient and the number of patient that nurse can rare during day duty by self-care status were Group I : 38.6min. 11.1 patients/1 nurse Group Ⅱ : 51.1min: 8.4 patients/1 nurse Group Ⅲ： 108.2min. 4 patients/1 nurse It seems reasonable that this could be done effectively as each-unit has an established standard for hours required, This not only allows time for planning of staff but helps to avoid the very human inclination to predict excessive staffing requirements by placing the majority of patients in high care group.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.7 no.1_2 s.8
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• pp.19-27
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• 1999

Korea, an energy-resources-poor country, imports $100{\%}$ of its, oil and, natural gas supply, which accounts for the greater part of its total primary requirements. One of the important task of the government is diversification of available energy resources such as oil and natural gas. Natural gas hydrate, which is non-conventional types of natural gas, distributes worldwide, especially in marine and permafrost. It would become a target of natural gas resources in the near future. Especially sigrificant amount of hydrates are expected to be located in the East Sea around Korea Peninsular. This paper describes about a multi-year overall project framework of basic research and technological development of natural gas hydrate in Korea focused on the interpretation of the seismic survey, the characteristics and physical properties of the natural gas hydrate, and the utilizable technology of natural gas hydrates from the status of research and development of the world.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.248-251
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• 2002

The intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with a multileaf collimator (MLC) requires the conversion of a radiation fluence map into a leaf sequence file that controls the movement of the MLC during radiation treatment of patients. Patient dose verification is clinically one of the most important parts in the treatment delivery of the radiation therapy. The three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of dose distribution delivered to the target helps to verify patient dose and to determine the physical characteristics of beams used in IMRT. A new method is presented for the pretreatment dosimetric verification of two dimensional distributions of photon intensity by means of Beam Intensity Scanner System (BISS) as a radiation detector with a custom-made software for dose calculation of fluorescence signals from scintillator. The scintillator is used to produce fluorescence from the irradiation of 6MV photons on a Varian Clinac 21EX. The BISS reproduces 3D- relative dose distribution from the digitized fluoroscopic signals obtained by digital video camera-based scintillator(DVCS) device in the IMRT. For the intensity modulated beams (IMBs), the calculations of absorbed dose are performed in absolute beam fluence profiles which are used for calculation of the patient dose distribution. The 3D-dose profiles of the IMBs with the BISS were demonstrated by relative measurements of photon beams and shown good agreement with radiographic film. The mechanical and dosimetric properties of the collimating of dynamic and/or step MLC system alter the generated intensity. This is mostly due to leaf transmission, leaf penumbra and geometry of leaves. The variations of output according to the multileaf opening during the irradiation need to be accounted for as well. These phenomena result in a fluence distribution that can be substantially different from the initial and calculative intensity modulation and therefore, should be taken into account by the treatment planning for accurate dose calculations delivered to the target volume in IMRT.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3731-3740
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• 2012

Background: There have been few studies of Asian ovarian cancer and benign tumors. The primary aim of this paper was to report the protocol of the Ko-EVE study to examine epidemiological and molecular factors for ovarian cancer and benign neoplasms and to ascertain the major risk factors for ovarian cancer control in Korea. Methods: This case-control study covers incident epithelial ovarian cancers and benign neoplasms, four major centers participating in enrolling incident cases and 3 hospitals enrolling healthy controls among health examinees. Standardized questionnaires were administered by trained interviewers, including sections on socio-demographics characteristics, past medical history, medication usage, family history, lifetime consumption of alcohol and tobacco, diet, physical activity, and reproductive factors for women. Various biological specimens were collected in the biorepository according to the standardized protocol. Annual follow-up for cancer cases and follow-up at the 1st year for benign tumor cases are performing to evaluate treatment effect and progression. Passive follow to see long-term survival will be conducting using record linkage with national data. Results: The total number recruited in 2010-2011 was 246 epithelial ovarian cancer cases, 362 benign epithelial tumors and 345 controls. We are planning to collect subjects for at least 1,500 sets of ovarian cancer, 2,000 benign tumors and 1,500 controls till 2018. Conclusions: The Ko-EVE will provide unique and important data to probe the etiology and natural history of Korean epithelial ovarian cancer. It will be continued by genomic and proteomic epidemiological analyses and future intervention studies for the prevention of ovarian cancer among Koreans.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.491-498
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• 2018

The cost evaluation for voyage route planning in an ice-covered sea is one of the major topics among ship owners. Information of the ice properties, such as ice type, concentration of ice, ice thickness, strength of ice, and speed-power relation under ice conditions are important for determining the optimal route in ice and low operational cost perspective. To determine achievable speed at any designated pack ice condition, a model test of resistance, self-propulsion, and overload test in ice and ice-free water were carried out in a KRISO ice tank and towing tank. The available net thrust for ice and an estimation of the ice resistance under any pack ice condition were also performed by I-RES. The in-house code called 'I-RES', which is an ice resistance estimation tool that applies an empirical formula, was modified for the pack ice module in this study. Careful observations of underwater videos of the ice model test made it possible to understand the physical phenomena of underneath of the hull bottom surface and determine the coverage of buoyancy. The clearing resistance of ice can be calculated by subtracting the buoyance and open water resistance form the pre-sawn ice resistance. The model test results in pack ice were compared with the calculation results to obtain a correlation factor among the pack ice resistance, ice concentration, and ship speed. The resulting correlation factors were applied to the calculation results to determine the pack ice resistance under any pack ice condition. The pack ice resistance under the arbitrary pack ice condition could be estimated because software I-RES could control all the ice properties. The available net thrust in ice, which is the over thrust that overcomes the pack ice resistance, will change the speed of a ship according to the bollard pull test results and thruster characteristics (engine & propulsion combination). The attainable speed at a certain ice concentration of pack ice was determined using the interpolation method. This paper reports a procedure to determine the attainable speed in pack ice and the sample calculation using the Araon vessel was performed to confirm the entire process. A more detailed description of the determination of the attainable speed is described. The attainable speed in 1.0 m, 90% pack ice and 540 kPa strength was 13.3 knots.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.627-637
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• 2013

기후변화가 산업단지에 미치는 영향은 지자체에까지 확산될 수 있으며 물리적, 경제적인 영향이 미쳐지므로 어떠한 물리적, 경제적 변수에 의해 산업단지의 피해가 초래되는지 규명될 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 국가 산업단지를 대상으로 산업단지 및 입지 시군구의 물리적, 경제적 특성을 기반으로 한 기후변화 취약성 평가를 수행하고 산업단지 입지에 영향을 미치는 시간, 공간별 극한기후를 규명하고자 하였다. 산업단지의 극한기후에 의한 취약성은 IPCC에서 제안한 상향식 취약성 평가 방법을 따라 분석되었으며 전력요구도, 위험지역유무 등 단지의 물리적 입지조건과 입지 지자체의 기반시설 현황, 지자체와 산업단지의 경제적 특성 등이 평가 기준으로 연구되었다. 기후노출, 민감도, 적응 능력의 항목별 가중치와 항목내 변수들의 가중치 분석에 AHP가 적용되었다. 본 연구는 홍수, 가뭄, 혹서, 혹한, 해수면상승에 대해 취약 입지 시군구를 밝혔고 홍수와 가뭄, 혹서와 혹한별로 대비되는 취약성 결과가 나옴을 고찰하였다. 또한, 각 극한기후별로 적응능력 함양이 시급한 시군구를 밝혀 지자체 차원의 노력이 필요한 시군구를 규명하였다. 서울시 금천구는 산업단지 입지에 가장 취약한 지역으로 나타났으며 홍수, 혹한에서 높은 취약성을 보임이 분석되었다. 한편, 극한기후의 발생에도 불구하고 전반적으로 낮은 취약성을 보인 산업단지 입지 지자체는 광주광역시, 전라북도 익산, 제주시 등으로 분석되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 산업단지의 업종에 따라 적합하지 않은 입지 지역을 규명하였으며 향후 산업단지 입지의 잠재 기후변화 영향을 고려한 의사결정을 지원할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.217-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out problems in obesity management through survey and analysis of the actual conditions from the view of a elementary schools school-nurses and to establish fundamental data for efficient obesity management. The subjects for this study were 313 numbers of elementary school-nurses in Kyung-Sang-Pook-Do. The data were collected through mail questionaries from November 1 to November 30, 1997. The major findings in this survey were as follows: 49.8% of the school-nurses who responded in the survey were in their 30s. The average career was 7.3years. The average service duration in their present school was 2.3 years, 55.6% of them were serving at schools which have less than ten classes total 77.2% of them were serving rural areas, 79.6% of them were serving at schools with fewer than 100 obese students. The total obesity prevalence rate was 11.4%, 13.3% were girls, 9.3% were boys. The measurement of height and weight is performed once a year for all surveyed students (91.7%), but obese students were measured as much five times (51.1%). The rate of obesity management planning was 74.1%, however the rates of evaluation and role assignment were 41. 2%, and 24.3%. 79.6% of the surveyed schools have health education classes for obesity, the rate compared (8.0 periods per year) to the whole of health education (79.1 periods per year) is 10.1%. 99.9% of the schools had counseling rooms for obesity (combined with nursing rooms) but they were used. The roote of individual counseling was 84.3%. The frequency counseling was six times a year for about 15 minutes. Obesity counseling records were kept 93.6% of the time and individual information cards were kept 98.7% of the time. The frequency of parents counseling was 42.8% and the survey shows that the main problem here was insufficient counseling facilities. The frequency of dietary guidance and exercise therapy was 84.3% and the dietary instructor was usually the school nurse at 51.7%. The frequency of obesity student exercise was 1-2 times a week and more-than-10-minutes at a time. They skip rope during the morning self-study class. The number on problem of exercise guidance at 56.2% was students' non-cooperativeness. School-nurses, 87.9%, answered that obesity management at school is necessary and 86.9% mentioned the shortage of obesity related information in present physical exercise books. From the plural responses of executing the obesity management, there are many similar problems: lack of knowledge and non-cooperation in parents at 41.9%, is predominant followed by of knowledge and non-cooperation in the children. The third problem is the lack of funds and facilities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.235-238
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• 2008

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) was initiated in August 1985 to develop new generation water erosion prediction technology for federal agencies involved in soil and water conservation and environmental planning and assessment. Developed by USDA-ARS as a replacement for empirical erosion prediction technologies, the WEPP model simulates many of the physical processes important in soil erosion, including infiltration, runoff, raindrop detachment, flow detachment, sediment transport, deposition, plant growth and residue decomposition. The WEPP included an extensive field experimental program conducted on cropland, rangeland, and disturbed forest sites to obtain data required to parameterize and test the model. A large team effort at numerous research locations, ARS laboratories, and cooperating land-grant universities was needed to develop this state-of-the-art simulation model. The WEPP model is used for hillslope applications or on small watersheds. Because it is physically based, the model has been successfully used in the evaluation of important natural resources issues throughout the United State and in several other countries. Recent model enhancements include a graphical Windows interface and integration of WEPP with GIS software. A combined wind and water erosion prediction system with easily accessible databases and a common interface is planned for the future.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 1998

To achieve the 2D dose distribution around the designed high dose rate Ir-192 source substitution for Co-60 brachytherapy source, we determined the exposure rate constant and tissue attenuation factors as a large depth as a 20 cm from source center. The exposure rate constant is used for apparent activity in designed source with self-absorption and encapsulation steel wall. The tissue dose delivered from the 4401 segments of 2.5 mm in a diameter and 2.5 mm height of disk-type source layer. In the experiments, the tissue attenuation factors include the tissue attenuation and multiple scattering in a medium surrounding the source. The fitted the polynomial regression with 4th order for the tissue attenuation factors are very closed to the experimental measurement data within ${\pm}$1% discrepancy. The Meisberger's constant showed the large uncertainty in large distance from source. The exposure rate constant 4.69 Rcm$^2$/mCi-hr was currently used for determination of apparent activity of source and air kerma strength was obtained 0.973 for tissue absorbed dose from the energy spectrum of Ir-192 source. In our experiments with designed high dose rate brachytherapy source, the apparent activity of Ir-192 source was delivered from the 54.6 % of actual physical source activity through the self-absorption and encapsulation wall attenuations. This paper provides the 2-dimensional dose tabulation from unit apparent activity in a water medium for dose planning includes the multiple scattering, source anisotropy effect and geometric factors.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.951-962
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• 1999

Today human needs for health promotion and maintenance are increasing. The nursing profession as a great responsibility to develop the knowledge for helping clients to practice good health behavior under self-control. But there are few studies about the concept of self-control, or the operational definition of self-control. The purpose of this study was to analyze and clarify the meaning of the concept of self-control. This study used Walker and Avant's process of concept analysis. Antecedents of self control consist of 1) perception of the conflict situation to change his or her behavior ; 2) perception of self as the causes of the barrier for a certain behavior ; 3) internal standard or belief such as self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness ; 4) internal motivation for change of behavior. Critical attributes of self-control were 1) goal-orientation ; 2) self-decision ; 3) time sequence ; 4) effort ; 5) possibility of being learned ; 6) individuality ; 7) social desirability. Consequences occurring as a results of self-control consist of 1) achievement of the controlled behavior whose purposes were planned ; 2) enhancement of the internal standard such as self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness ; 3) eventual elevation of physical and emotional wellness. Therefore, this concept is defined as a cognitive behavior which is attempted by his or her decision when one is confronted with the conflict situation, which is characterized by being changed by time, learned by effort and individual characteristics. One is taking such behavior with the perception of self as the causative barrier for a certain behavior, planning a specific objective for a certain behavior which demands self sacrifice, supplies the internal reward, is socially desirable with the internal standard of self-efficacy and learned resourcefulness and environmental factors.