• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.619-627
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to test a structural model of spirituality and the quality of life of stroke survivors' caregivers in order to provide guidelines for the development of intervention and strategies to improve their quality of life. Methods: Data were collected from 133 family caregivers of stroke patients who were hospitalized in C university hospital located in Seoul. Data collection using survey questionnaires was done from May, 2013 to February, 2014. Results: Fitness of the hypothetical model was appropriate. Physical component of quality of life of family caregivers is directly affected by two variables (51.5%), burden and depression. Mental component of quality of life of family caregivers is directly affected by three variables (77.6%), depression, burden, and functional dependence of patients. Depression as well as burden were directly affected by spirituality and functional dependence of patients respectively. Thus, spirituality directly affected depression and burden and indirectly affected the quality of life of family caregivers. Conclusion: Therefore, spiritual intervention to improve the stroke caregivers' quality of life might be necessary to support and strengthen their spirituality as a mediating variable that can contribute to decreasing their depression and burden.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.53.2-53.2
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• 2011

We combine the physics of the ellipsoidal collapse model with the excursion set theory to study the shapes of dark matter halos. In particular, we develop an analytic approximation to the nonlinear evolution that is more accurate than the Zeldovich approximation; we introduce a planar representation of halo axis ratios, which allows a concise and intuitive description of the dynamics of collapsing regions and allows one to relate the final shape of a halo to its initial shape; we provide simple physical explanations for some empirical fitting formulae obtained from numerical studies. Comparison with simulations is challenging, as there is no agreement about how to define a non-spherical gravitationally bound object. Nevertheless, we find that our model matches the conditional minor-to-intermediate axis ratio distribution rather well, although it disagrees with the numerical results in reproducing the minor-to-major axis ratio distribution. In particular, the mass dependence of the minor-to-major axis distribution appears to be the opposite to what is found in many previous numerical studies, where low-mass halos are preferentially more spherical than high-mass halos. In our model, the high-mass halos are predicted to be more spherical, consistent with results based on a more recent and elaborate halo finding algorithm, and with observations of the mass dependence of the shapes of early-type galaxies. We suggest that some of the disagreement with some previous numerical studies may be alleviated if we consider only isolated halos.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2012

Monitoring sunspots consistently is the most basic step required to study various aspects of solar activity. To achieve this goal, the observers must regularly calculate their own correction factor $k$ and keep it stable. Relatively recently, two observing teams in South Korea have presented interesting papers which claim that revisions that take the yearly-basis $k$ into account lead to a better agreement with the international relative sunspot number $R_i$, and that yearly $k$ apparently varies with the solar cycle. In this paper, using artificial data sets we have modeled the sunspot numbers as a superposition of random noise and a slowly varying background function, and attempted to investigate whether the variation in the correction factor is coupled with the solar cycle. Regardless of the statistical distributions of the random noise, we have found the correction factor increases as sunspot numbers increase, as claimed in the reports mentioned above. The degree of dependence of correction factor $k$ on the sunspot number is subject to the signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, we conclude that apparent dependence of the value of the correction factor $k$ on the phase of the solar cycle is not due to a physical property, but a statistical property of the data.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 1994

The x values of nonstoichiometric chemical formula, $Tb_4O_{7-{\delta}}\;or\;TbO_{1.5+x}$, have been determined in temperature range from 600$^{\circ}$C to 1000$^{\circ}$C under oxygen partial pressure of 2 ${\times}$ 10$^{-1}$ to 1 ${\times}$ 10$^{-5}$ atm by using quartz microbalance. The x values varied from 0.0478 to 0.1964 in the above conditions. The enthalpy of formation for x' in TbO$_{1.5+(0.25-xo-x')}$, ${\delta}H_f$, was 4.93-3.40 kcal mol$^{-1}$ and the oxygen partial pressure dependence was -1/8.80∼-1/11.8 under these conditions. The electrical conductivity of the $TbO_{1.5+x}$ was measured under the same conditions and the values varied from about 10$^{-3}$ to 10$^{-6}\;{\Omega}^{-1}cm^{-1}$ within semiconductor range. The activation energies for the conduction increase with oxygen partial pressure from 0.83 to 0.89 eV under the above conditions. The l/n values obtained from the oxygen pressure dependence of the conductivity are 1/4.4-1/5.2. The conduction mechanism, defect structure, and other physical properties of the oxides are dicussed with the x values, the electrical conductivity values, and the thermodynamic data.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.23-32
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• 2020

Recently, women's fear of crime continues to increase in space of everyday. By the way, the fear of crime has the spatial properties as crime. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to evaluate the spatial dependence of fear of crime and to suggest the physical environmental factors influencing fear of crime. For this, a spatial regression analysis using spatial weights was conducted based on the location data of the fear of crime measured through a survey. The results of this study are as follows; First, the fear of crime felt by women in their twenties who are vulnerable to crime has spatial dependence. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the spatial characteristics in analyzing the environmental factors affecting this. Second, in order to reduce the fear of crime, it is necessary to improve the environments of old housing and entertainment facilities. There is also a need for ongoing management. Third, careful consideration is needed in the installation of CCTV and street lights, which are factors influencing the fear of crime. It is necessary to establish a reasonable arrangement standard for CCTV and to analyze the street lighting in detail.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.538-543
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• 2014

It is investigated that that the physical properties of Glutathione layer formed on gold surfaces may make an effect on the distribution of either gold particle adsorbed to the $ZrO_2$ surface or vice versa with the adjustment of the electrostatic interactions. For the investigation, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between the surfaces as a function of the salt concentration and pH value. The forces were quantitatively analyzed with the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory to estimate the surface potential and charge density of the surfaces for each condition of salt concentration and pH value. The estimated-value dependence on the salt concentration was described with the law of mass action, and the pH dependence was explained with the ionizable groups on the surface. The salt concentration dependence of the surface properties, found from the measurement at pH 4 and 8, was consistent with the prediction from the law. It was found that the Glutathione layer had higher values for the surface charge densities and potentials than the zirconium dioxide surfaces at pH 4 and 8, which may be attributed to the ionized-functional-groups of the Glutathione layer.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75.2-75.2
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• 2010

We investigate the dependence of occurrence of bar in galaxies on galaxy properties and environment. The environmental conditions considered include the large-scale background density and distance to the nearest neighbor galaxy. We use a volume-limited sample of 33,296 galaxies brighter than $M_r$=-19.5+5logh at $0.02{\leqq}z{\leqq}0.05489$, drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. We classify the galaxies into early and late types, and identify bars by visual inspection. We find that the fraction of barred galaxies ($f_{bar}$) is 18.2% on average in the case of late-type galaxies, and depends on both u-r color and central velocity dispersion $(\sigma);f_{bar}$ is a monotonically increasing function of u-r color, and has a maximum value at intermediate velocity dispersion (${\sigma}{\simeq}170km\;s^{-1}$). This trend suggests that bars are dominantly hosted by systems having intermediate-mass with no recent interaction or merger history. We also find that $f_{bar}$ does not directly depend on the large-scale background density as its dependence disappears when other physical parameters are fixed. We discover the bar fraction decreases as the separation to the nearest neighbor galaxy becomes smaller than 0.1 times the virial radius of the neighbor regardless of neighbor's morphology. These results imply that it is difficult for bars to be maintained during strong tidal interactions, and that the source for this phenomenon is gravitational and not hydrodynamical.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.379-384
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• 2012

It is investigated that that the physical properties of Glutathione layer formed on gold surfaces may make an effect on the distribution of either gold particle adsorbed to the $TiO_2$ surface or vice versa with the adjustment of the electrostatic interactions. For the investigation, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between the surfaces as a function of the salt concentration and pH value. With the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, the forces were quantitatively analyzed to acquire the surface potential and charge density of the surfaces for each salt concentration and each pH value. The surface potential and charge density dependence on the salt concentration was described with the law of mass action, and the pH dependence was explained with the ionizable groups on the surface. The salt concentration dependence of the surface properties, found from the measurement at pH 8 and 11, was consistent with the prediction from the law. It was found that the Glutathione layer had higher values for the surface charge densities and potentials than the titanium dioxide surfaces at pH 8 and 11, which may be attributed to the ionized-functional-groups of the Glutathione layer.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.151-155
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• 1988

The present study was undertaken to determine the inhibitory effects of orally administered ginseng saponins(SP), protopanaxadiol saponins (PD), and protopanaxatriol saponins(PT) on the development of morphine-induced tolerance and physical dependence in mice. The study also sought to determine the hepatic glutathione contents. which are closely related to the degree of detoxification of mine the effects of GS on morphine 6-dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the production of morphinone from morphine, and the roles of spinal descendign inhibitory systems in the production of antagonism. The results of the present study showed that GS, PD and PT administered orally inhibited the development of morphine induced tolerance and dependence. GS. PD and PT inhibited the reduction of hepatic glutathione concentration in mice treated chronically with morphine and the activity of morphine 6-dehydrogenase, and the activation of spinal descending inhibitory systems was inhibited by GS. So we hypothesized that the results were partially due to the dual action of the test drugs, the inhibition of morphinone production and the activated formation of morphinone-glutathinone conjugation, and the inhibition of the activatin of apinal descending inhibitory systems and the others.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.39.1-39.1
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• 2010

We study the effects of the cluster environment on galactic morphology by defining a dimensionless angular momentum parameter ld, to obtain a quantitative and objective measure of galaxy type. The use of this physical parameter allows us to take the study of morphological transformations in clusters beyond the measurements of merely qualitative parameters, e.g. S/E ratios, to a more physical footing. To this end, we employ an extensive SDSS sample, with galaxies associated with Abell galaxy clusters. The sample contains 93 relaxed Abell clusters and over 34,000 individual galaxies. We find that the median ld value tends to decrease as we approach the cluster center, with different dependences according to the mass of the galaxies and the hosting cluster; low and intermediate mass galaxies showing a strong dependence, while massive galaxies seems to show, at all radii, low ld values. By analysing trends in ld as functions of the nearest galactic neighbour environment, clustercentric radius and velocity dispersion of clusters, we can identify clearly the leading physical processes at work. We find that in massive clusters (s > 700 km/s), the interaction with the cluster central region dominates, whilst in smaller clusters galaxy-galaxy interactions are chiefly responsible for driving galactic morphological transformations.