• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2016

Background: The photosynthetic efficiency cool-season, semi-shade ginseng is normal at low morning temperatures, but drops at high afternoon temperatures. Therefore, optimal plant performance would be ensured if it were possible to control daily light transmission rates (LTR). Methods and Results: Plants were grown in a controlled light environment that replicated 11 AM conditions and comparatively analyzed against plant grown under normal conditions. Growth in the controlled light environment resulted in a 2.81 fold increase in photosynthetic efficiency with no change in chlorophyll content, although LTR were high due to low morning temperatures. Increased aerial plant growth was observed in the ginseng plants adapted to the controlled light environment, which in turn influenced root weight. An 81% increase in fresh root weight (33.3 g per plant on average) was observed in 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment compared to the plants grown following conventional practices (18.4 g per plant on average). With regard to the inorganic composition of leaves of 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment, an increased in Fe content was observed, while Mn and Zn content decreased, and total ginsenoside content of roots increased 2.37 fold. Conclusions: Growth of ginseng under a favorable light environment, such as the condition which exist naturally at 11 AM and are suitable for the plant's photosynthetic activity creates the possibility of large scale production, excellent-quality ginseng.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.169-174
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• 1982

일복내의 광환경과 포장상태에서의 물질생산 실태를 파악하기 위하여 5년근 개체군의 층별(상, 중, 하층), 재식립치별(1, 3, 5행)로 맑은 날 및 흐린날 각각 일복내외의 조도를 측정하고 대상조도를 구하였으며 포장에서의 광합성 호흡속도를 측정하였다. 1. 개체군 상부와 조도는 1행이 상대적으로 높고 3, 5행간에는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 중앙부의 경우는 1, 3, 5행간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 2. 쾌청일에 비해, 맑으나 산광이 많은 날은 일복내 조도가 높고 흐린날은 낮았으나 외부조도에 대한 비율은 양자 모두 쾌청일보다 높았다. 3. 광합성속도는 행별로 차이가 커서 후행일수록 낮았다. 그러나 전행에서도 광합성 최대능력을 나타내는 것으로는 생각되지 않았다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2014

고온기 시설내에서 토마토를 재배할 때 최적의 측지관리방법을 구명하고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. 유니콘(몬산토 코리아, 한국)을 접수로, B-블로킹(다끼이종묘, 일본)을 대목으로 접목한 방울토마토 접목묘를 실험에 사용하였다. 배지는 코이어 자루배지를 사용하였고, 급액은 타이머 제어법으로 제어하였다. 측지를 전부 제거한 처리(ACUT), 화방 아래 측지의 잎을 2매 남기는 처리(PCUT) 및 모든 측지의 잎을 2매 남기는 처리(LEFT) 등 모두 3가지 방법으로 처리하였다. 연구결과, 토마토의 영양과잉으로 인한 이상경 발생시에는 측지를 유지하여 영양생장으로 많은 에너지가 사용되도록 하면 해결되는 것으로 나타났으며, 적절한 측지관리로 작물의 생장상도 재배자의 요구에 맞게 조절할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 본엽과 측지의 잎들에 대한 광합성 속도는 차이가 없었으며, 처리에 따른 엽면적의 차이만 있었다. 따라서 처리간 엽면적의 차이에 의해 광합성 산물 총량의 차이가 발생하고, 이는 수확량에 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 고온기 토마토 재배에서 5단 이하의 단기밀식재배의 경우에는 측지를 모두 제거하는 것이 수확량과 수확속도에 효과적이었으나, 5단 이상의 장기재배에서는 모든 측지의 잎 2매를 남겨서 관리하는 것이 작물의 생육과 수확량에 효과적이었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.473-481
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• 2016

We examined the effects of ocean acidification (OA) and eutrophication on the physiology of a red alga, Gracilariopsis chorda, using specimens collected at Wando Island, Korea, in July of 2015. The samples were transported to a laboratory and placed on growth media for treatments involving low or high levels of ammonium ($4{\mu}M$ or $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$) and low or high pH(7.5 or 8.2). The control treatment used filtered seawater (pH 8.2 and $4{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$). All experiments were conducted at $20^{\circ}C$ and under a lighting intensity of $80{\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, with or without an injection of $CO_2$ (pH 7.5). In addition, we calculated rates of respiration under darkness, at a pH of 7.5 and $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$. Fluctuations in pH as well as the evolution of photosynthetic oxygen and $NH_4{^+}$ uptake rates were monitored for 6 h. The greatest increase in pH levels, from 7.50 to 8.65, occurred in response to $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$, whereas the largest decrease, from 7.50 to 7.42, was associated with elevated respiration rates. At a pH of 7.5, rates of oxygen evolution were higher (236% saturation) for samples treated with $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$ than for the control (121% saturation). Ammonium uptake was highest at pH 7.5 and $60{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$, with a rate of $0.526{\pm}0.002{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}\;FW\;h^{-1}$, followed in order by the treatments of $pH\;8.2/60{\mu}\;NH_4{^+}$, $pH\;7.5/4{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$, and the control ($pH\;8.2/4{\mu}M\;NH_4{^+}$). We speculated that the rates of photosynthesis and $NH_4{^+}$ uptake could be enhanced at a higher ammonium concentration and lower pH because $CO_2$ concentrations were increased through greater photosynthetic activity. Therefore, these findings suggest that the physiology of G. chorda populations can be improved by the interaction of optimized $CO_2$ concentrations and an adequate supply of essential nutrients such as ammonium.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.121-127
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• 1993

보리의 식물체를 등열중기에 가축의 조사료로 급여하기에 적당한 총체형 보리 (barlet for whole crop forage)로 까락이 없고 생체중이 큰 초형이 필요한데, 망장, 동질유전자계(망장, 무망)를 선발하여 두 계통의 수량성 및 그 구성요소의 차이를 비료하고, 지엽 및 까락의 절제가 광합성능과 수량성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 1. v장 추파한 무망종의 간장, 수장, 1수입수, 엽면적, 광합성능 및 생체중이 장망종에 비해서 컸으나 수량성은 6%정도 적었다. 2. 지엽 또는 까락을 절제시, 천입중과 곡입중의 감소를 초래하였는데, 천입중과 곡입중은 지엽절제시 3～4%와 5～6%가 각각 감소되었고, 장망의 까락 절제시 천입중과 곡입중은 7%와 15%가 가각 감소되었다. 지엽 및 까락을 동시에 절제시는 14%와 21%가 감소되었다. 3. 지엽의 광합성능은 차엽신 및 제3엽신 보다 7～8%와 37～41%가 각각 높았다. 무망종의 엽위별 엽신의 평균 광합성능은 6.1～9.7 co$_2$$_2$ ${\mu}$mole $m^{-2}$ $s{-1}$, 로 장망종 보다 매우 높았다. 4. 본 관험에서 공시된 무망종은 장망종에 비하여 엽신의 광합성능이 크고, 줄기 및 엽초의 생체중이 커서 총생체중이 무거워 총체형 사료(whole crop forage)이 초형으로 적당한 계통이라고 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1982

This study was conducted to determine effect of fruits removal on the CO2 exchange rates (CER) and growth of ginseng plant. Fruit of 2, 4 age plant removed at 7, May. The results of these investigations are as follows. 1. The net photosynthetic rates of the ginseng bearing fruits increased to a considerably greater degree than that of the ginseng without fruit in each ages. 2. The total dry matter per plant in bearing fruit (40.24g) had produced more dry matter than that of non-fruiting plant (38.13g) , but the root 4.y matter in fruiting plant (26.2g) had produced less dry matter than that of non-fruiting plant (27.1g) in 4 age. 3. The ginseng plant in bearing fruit did not influence the dry matter of stem and leaf. 4. The maximum RGR of root (17, June) was slower than that of fruit (4, June) .

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2006

Photoinhibition and photoprotection of PSII in the leaves of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Hoagland solution and Tap water were compared. Though changes in the rates of $O_2$ evolution as a function of photon fluence rate (PFR) were comparable, the rates of respiration in the dark was 3 times higher in the Hoagland solution grown leaves than in the Tap-water grown ones. Compared to Hoagland solution grown plane, PSIIs of Tap water grown pepper leaves were more susceptible to photoinhibitory light treatment. In order to inactivate functional PSII to the same extents, Hoagland solution grown plants required almost 2-fold high light $(1600{\mu}molm^{-2}s^-)$ treatment than those of Tap water $(900{\mu}molm^{-2}s^-)$. Interestingly, the remaining fraction of PSII in Hoagland grown pepper was able to survive under prolonged illumination in the presence of lincomycin, which probably means that the growth condition of plant seemed to have an effect on the recovery of PSII from light stress. When PSII was severly photoinactivated at a chilling temperature, recovery was observed only if the residual functional PSII were not inhibited with DCMU, Nigericin and MV during recovery. In conclusion, PSIIs grown in the Hoagland solution was more resistant to excess light than in the Tap water grown one and the recovery of PSII from photodamage was more efficient in Hoagland grown pepper leaves than Tap water grown one, which means that the increased dark respiration may play a important role in the protection of PSII from photoinhibition by helping repair photosynthetic proteins (in particular, the D1 protein of PSII) degraded by photoinhibition.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.291-294
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• 1991

이 컴퓨터는 프로그램은 생물량의 변화와 광합성율로부터 해조류의 년 생산량을 계산하기 위해 작성한 것이다. 서로 다른 광도, 온도조건 아래서 측정된 해조류의 단 위무게 당 광합성율을 광도, 수온의 년 변화와 연결시켜 광합성율의 년 변화를 계산하 였다. 이 때 해조류의 광합성율을 1년간 짧은 시간간격으로 측정한다면 좀더 정확한 값을 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 광합성율의 시간에 따른 변화를 생물량의 시간에 따른 변 화와 연결시켜 년 총생산량을 계산하였다. 어느 주어진 시간에서의 생물량을 알고 이 때의 단위무게당 광합성율을 알면 이들 값을 곱하여 이 시간에서의 총 생산량을 알 수 있기 때문이었다. 프로그램은 개인용을 이용하는데 편리하도록 파스칼 언어를 사용하 였으며, 계산결과를 데이터 베이스에 옮길 수 있도록 하여 다양한 프린터 사양을 가지게 한 것도 하나의 특징이다. 강원도 고성군 오호리에 서식하는 알쏭이 모자반을 대상으로 측정한 생물량, 광합성율의 값들을 이 프로그램에서 예로 사용하였다.

• ALGAE
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.321-331
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• 2014

Vertebrata lanosa is an abundant and obligate red algal epiphyte of Ascophyllum nodosum that forms part of a complex and highly integrated symbiotic system that includes the ascomycete, Mycophycias ascophylli. As part of ongoing studies to resolve interactions among species in the symbiosis, we used pulse amplitude modulation fluorimetry of chlorophyll a fluorescence, from photosystem II (PSII), to measure the maximum quantum yield ($F_v/F_m$) of PSII [$QY(II)_{max}$] and relative photosynthetic electron transport rates (rETR), as a function of light intensity, in order to evaluate the photosynthetic capacity of the two algal symbionts in the field and in the laboratory under different treatments. Our primary question was 'Is the ecological integration of these species reflected in a corresponding physiological integration involving photosynthetic process?' In the laboratory we measured changes in $QY(II)_{max}$ in thalli of V. lanosa and A. nodosum over one week periods when maintained together in either attached or detached treatments or when maintained separated from each other. While the $QY(II)_{max}$ of PSII of A. nodosum remained high and showed no significant variation among treatments, V. lanosa showed decreasing performance in the following conditions: V. lanosa attached to A. nodosum, V. lanosa in the same culture, but not attached to A. nodosum, and V. lanosa alone. These results are consistent with observations in which rETR was reduced in V. lanosa maintained alone versus attached to A. nodosum. Values for $QY(II)_{max}$ in V. lanosa measured in the field in fully submerged thalli were similar to those measured in the laboratory when V. lanosa was attached to it obligate host A. nodosum. Our results provide evidence of a physiological association of the epiphyte and its host that reflects the known ecology.

• ALGAE
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.121-125
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• 2005

The modern integrated fish-seaweed mariculture has been tested to reduce the environmental impacts of an intensive fed culture. To obtain the best seaweed bioremediation performance, the effects of therapeutants used for fish disease control on the selected seaweed species should be considered. As a selected seaweed, Porphyra yezoensis was tested with six commercial antibiotics including erythromycin thiocyanate_A, erythromycin thiocyanate_B, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, pefloxacin, and amoxicillin trihydrate under the batch incubation at a photon flux density of 10 $\mu$mol ${\cdot}m^{-2}\;{\cdot}\;s^{-1}$ at 15$^{\circ}C$. Among the tested commercial antibiotics, erythromycin thiocyanate_A, erythromycin thiocyanate_B, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline showed decreases in Fv/Fm, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, with a dose-dependant and time-dependant manner. From the quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, three differential patterns were observed in the antibiotics-treated Porphyra: (1) high nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and low photochemical quenching (qP) in the cases of Erythromycin thiocyanate_B and amoxicillin trihydrate, (2) high NPQ and high qP in the case of pefloxacin and (3) low NPQ and low qP in the case of oxytetracycline. These results indicated that antibiotics affected in various ways on the photosynthetic apparatus, reflecting differential lesion sites of antibiotics. In addition, the rates of ammonium uptake also decreased with a decrease of Fv/Fm in P. yezoensis thalli treated with erythromycin thiocyanate_B and oxytetracycline. Therefore, the four antibiotics mentioned could affect the bioremediation capacity of the selected seaweed species in the integrated fish-seaweed mariculture system due to the decrease of photosynthetic activity and the simultaneous decrease of ammonium uptake.