• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.149-153
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• 2001

A total of 2109 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from infected plants fo strawberry, tomato, and cucumber in Korea from 1994 to 1996. Based on in virtotests for mycelial growth on potato-dextrose agar containing fungicides, the esolates were classified into six phenotypic groups : SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, RSR, and RRR, representing sensitivity (S) or resistance (R) to carbendazim, procymidone, and diethofencarb. In that order the isolation frequencies of the SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, RSR, and RRR phenotypes were 28.7, 1.1, 28.8, 39.4, 1.0, and 0.9%, respectively. Three isolates from each SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, and RSR and an isolate of RRR phenotype were selected and evaluated for their fitness-related characteristics such as pathogenic aggressiveness, mycelial growth rate, sporulation, and sclerotial formation. Competitive abilities of the SSR, SRR, RSS, RRS, and RSR phenotypes were also compared by inculating mixtures of conidial suspensions of two phenotypes to cucumber plant, and then determining re-isolation frequencies from lesions. In general, significant differences in fitness-related characteristics, except pathogenic aggressiveness, were found not only between but also within phenotype groups. In the competitiveness tests, carbendazim-sinsitive phenotypes (SSR and SRR) were found to be more competitive than the resistant ones (RSS and RSR), whereas, the procymidone-resistant phenotypes (SRR and RRS) appeared to be more competitive than the sensitive ones (SSR, RSS, and RSR). There was no consistent dominance in competitiveness between the diethofencarb-resistant and sensitive phenotypes. The RSR phenotype was the least competitive among the five phenotypes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.160-167
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• 2021

The determinant factors of an organism's size during animal development have been explored from various angles but remain partially understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, many genes affecting cuticle structure, cell growth, and proliferation have been identified to regulate the worm's overall morphology, including body size. While various mutations in those genes directly result in changes in the morphological phenotypes, there is still a need for established, clear, and distinct standards to determine the apparent abnormality in a worm's size and shape. In this study, we measured the body length, body width, terminal bulb length, and head size of mutant worms with reported Dumpy (Dpy), Small (Sma) or Long (Lon) phenotypes by plotting and comparing their respective ratios of various parameters. These results show that the Sma phenotypes are proportionally smaller overall with mild stoutness, and Dpy phenotypes are significantly stouter and have disproportionally small head size. This study provides a standard platform for determining morphological phenotypes designating and annotating mutants that exhibit body shape variations, defining the morphological phenotype of previously unexamined mutants.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7.1-7.11
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• 2020

Cancer immunotherapy, in the form of vaccination, adoptive cellular transfer, or immune checkpoint inhibitors, has emerged as a promising practice within the field of oncology. However, despite the developing field's potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, the presence of immunotherapeutic-resistant tumor cells in many patients present a challenge and limitation to these immunotherapies. These cells not only indicate immunotherapeutic resistance, but also show multi-modal resistance to conventional therapies, abnormal metabolism, stemness, and metastasis. How can immunotherapeutic-resistant tumor cells render multi-malignant phenotypes? We reasoned that the immune-refractory phenotype could be associated with multi-malignant phenotypes and that these phenotypes are linked together by a factor that acts as the master regulator. In this review, we discussed the role of the embryonic transcription factor NANOG as a crucial master regulator we named "common factor" in multi-malignant phenotypes and presented strategies to overcome multi-malignancy in immunotherapeutic-resistant cancer by restraining the NANOG-mediated multi-malignant signaling axis. Strategies that blunt the NANOG axis could improve the clinical management of therapy-refractory cancer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.685-693
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• 1996

A total of 3,610 Ayrshire and 1,711 Jersey cows were phenotyped for the genetic variants of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, $\chi$-casein, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin. Least squares analyses showed possible associations between milk protein phenotypes and lactational production traits. Depending on lactation number, ${\beta}$-casein phenotypes in Ayrshires were associated with milk production ($A^2A^2$ > $A^1A^2$ > $A^1A^1$), and with milk protein content. In the third lactation, Ayrshire cows with ${\beta}$-casein $A^1A^1$ produced milk with 3.43% fat compared to 3.37% fat for ${\beta}$-casein $A^2A^2$. In Ayrshire, $\chi$-casein phenotypes affected the protein content during the three lactations (BB > AB > AA) and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes significantly influenced the milk fat during the first lactation (4.06% for AA and 3.97% for BB). In Jerseys, protein content of milk was influenced by phenotypes of ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein(3.98% for CC v/s 3.86% for BB in the first lactation). In the third lactation, $\chi$-casein AA of Jersey milk contained 5.35% fat compared to 4.82% for phenotype BB. The effects of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin phenotypes on protein content were apparent in Jerseys during the second lactation with the A variant being superior to the B (4.00% for AA v/s 3.87% for BB).

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.535-546
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• 2020

In genetic association studies, pleiotropy is a phenomenon where a variant or a genetic region affects multiple traits or diseases. There have been many studies identifying cross-phenotype genetic associations. But, most of statistical approaches for detection of pleiotropy are based on individual tests where a single variant association with multiple traits is tested one at a time. These approaches fail to account for relations among correlated variants. Recently, multivariate regularization methods have been proposed to detect pleiotropy in analysis of high-dimensional genomic data. However, they suffer a problem of tuning parameter selection, which often results in either too many false positives or too small true positives. In this article, we applied selection probability to multivariate regularization methods in order to identify pleiotropic variants associated with multiple phenotypes. Selection probability was applied to individual elastic-net, unified elastic-net and multi-response elastic-net regularization methods. In simulation studies, selection performance of three multivariate regularization methods was evaluated when the total number of phenotypes, the number of phenotypes associated with a variant, and correlations among phenotypes are different. We also applied the regularization methods to a wild bean dataset consisting of 169,028 variants and 17 phenotypes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.449-457
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• 2021

The aim of the present study was to survey the frequency of inducible and constitutive phenotypes and inducible cross-resistant genes by regulating the methylation of 23S rRNA (ermA, ermB, and ermC) and macrolide efflux-related msrA gene in Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis strains. A total of 172 bacterial isolates (identified based on standard tests), were examined in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method, and all isolates were evaluated with respect to inducible and constitutive phenotypes. The presence of ermA, ermB, ermC, and msrA genes was investigated by a PCR assay. The constitutive resistance phenotypes showed a higher distribution among the isolates. R phenotype was detected more among S. epidermidis isolates (46.25%). ermB, ermC, and msrA genes were detected more in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolates that had R and HD phenotypes (>77% strains). The ermA gene had the lowest frequency among MRSA, MRSE, MSSA, and MSSE strains (<14% isolates). Distribution of inducible resistance genes in MRSA and MRSE strains, and possibly other species, leads to increased constitutive resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, and other similar antibiotics. Therefore, it can be challenging to treat infections caused by these resistant strains.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.9
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• pp.325-333
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• 2019

Allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis, are common heterogeneous diseases that encompass diverse phenotypes and different pathogeneses. Phenotype studies of allergic diseases can facilitate the identification of risk factors and their underlying pathophysiology, resulting in the application of more effective treatment, selection of better treatment responses, and prediction of prognosis for each phenotype. In the early phase of phenotype studies in allergic diseases, artificial classifications were usually performed based on clinical features, such as triggering factors or the presence of atopy, which can result in the biased classification of phenotypes and limit the characterization of heterogeneous allergic diseases. Subsequent phenotype studies have suggested more diverse phenotypes for each allergic disease using relatively unbiased statistical methods, such as cluster analysis or latent class analysis. The classifications of phenotypes in allergic diseases may overlap or be unstable over time due to their complex interactions with genetic and encountered environmental factors during the illness, which may affect the disease course and pathophysiology. In this review, diverse phenotype classifications of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and wheezing in children, allergic rhinitis, and atopy, are described. The review also discusses the applications of the results obtained from phenotype studies performed in other countries to Korean children. Consideration of changes in the characteristics of each phenotype over time in an individual's lifespan is needed in future studies.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 1998

The unc-29 region on the chromosome I of Caenorhabditis elegans has been mutagenized in order to obtain lethal mutations. In this screen, the uncoordinated phenotype of unc-29 (e193) mutant was used to identify any lethal mutations closely linked to the unc-29 gene, which encodes a subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We have isolated six independent mutations (jh1 to jh6) out of approximately 5,200 ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS) treated haploids. Four of the six mutations demonstrated embryonic lethal phenotypes, while the other two showed embryonic and larval lethal phenotypes. Terminal phenotypes observed in two mutations (jh1 and jh2) indicated developmental defects specific to posterior part of embryos which appeared similar to the phenotypes observed in nob (no back end) mutants. Another mutation (jh4) resulted in an interesting phenotype of body-wall muscle degeneration at larval stage. These mutations were mapped by using three-factor crosses and deficiency mutants in this region. Here we report genetic analysis and characterization of these lethal mutations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.163-166
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• 1991

The hemoglobin phenotypes and the gene frequencies of 223 Cheju native horses were studied by starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In the hemoglobin phenotypes, three phenotypes, HbAA, HbAa and Hbaa, which were controlled by two allelic genes. $Hb^A$ and $Hb^a$, were observed and their frequencies of appearance were 65.47%, 30.04% and 4.48% respectively. 2. The distribution of gene frequency was calculated as 0.805 in $Hb^A$ and 0.195 in $Hb^a$.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.167-170
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• 1991

The catalase phenotypes and the gene frequencies in erythrocyte of 223 Cheju native horses were studied by starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In the catalase phenotypes, three phenotypes, CatF, CatM and CatS, which were controlled by two allelic genes, $Cat^F$ and $Cat^S$, were observed and their frequencies of appearance were 24.21%, 47.53%, and 28.25% respectively. 2. The distribution of gene frequency was calculated as 0.480 in $Cat^F$ and 0.520 in $Cat^S$.