• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1633-1637
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• 2005

Five different plant cell wall degrading enzymes were tested for their ability to release p -hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot alcohol insoluble residue (AIR) and cellulose fraction. Phenolics of AIR from cell wall materi민 (CWM) in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1,977 $\mu$g/g AIR) with minor contribution from vanillin (55.9 $\mu$g/g AIR), ferulic acid (13.6 $\mu$g/g AIR) and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10.6 $\mu$g/g AIR). The contents of ferulic acid in Driselase, Cellulase, Macerozyme R-200, Macerozyme R-10 and Sumyzyme MC were 2,319, 2,060, 391, 95.2, 34.1 $\mu$g/g, respectively. Incubation of Driselase with AIR released only 2.8$\%$ of the total 4 M NaOH extractable p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results indicate that commercial five plant cell wall dograding enzymes can not release P-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR and cellulose fraction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1094-1104
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• 2018

The peel of astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Cheongdo-Bansi) is a by-product of dried persimmon (gotgam). We investigated if deastringent peel extracts of persimmon cv. Cheongdo-Bansi had antioxidative and neuroprotective properties. Two different extracts were prepared: thermally and nonthermally treated persimmon peel extracts (TPE and NTPE, respectively). Both TPE and NTPE were fractionated sequentially in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant capacities among all the fractions. Pretreatment of neuronal PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells with the TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions increased cell viability after exposure to oxidative stress. The ethyl acetate fraction of TPE attenuated oxidative stress inside both PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells more effectively than that of NTPE. Furthermore, the TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Analysis of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry results revealed gallic acid, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, quercetin3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside-2'-O-gallate, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside as the major phenolics of the TPE and NTPE ethyl acetate fractions. Taken together, these results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of deastringent persimmon peel is rich in antioxidants and has potential as a functional food to reduce oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.345-349
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• 2009

This study measured the amounts of uronic acid, total sugars, non-cellulosic neutral sugars, phenolic compounds as well as antioxidants activity in cell wall materials (CWM) derived from different parts of deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata). The values of the uronic acid (UA): neutral sugars (NS) ratio in polymers extracted from the CWM of the flesh and skin were 4 and 6, respectively. The total sugar contents of the flesh and skin were 788.6 and 824.9 ${mu}g/mg$ of CWM, respectively. Galactose and arabinose were the main noncellulosic neutral sugars. The chemical structure of five phenolic compounds from the CWM were analyzed and identified as vanillic acid, p-OH-benzaldehyde, vanillin, ferulic acid, and 8-O-4' diferulic acid by HPLC spectral data. Among them, p-OH-benzaldehyde, vanillin, and 8-O-4' diferulic acid were the first compounds identified from the deodeok. The content of 8-O-4' diferulic acid in the skin CWM was 56.1 ${mu}g/g$ AIR (alcohol insoluble residue). The ethanol-NaOH fractions from CWM had the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities, followed by the AIR fractions and ethanol fractions.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1218-1223
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• 2009

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of water and 80% methanol extract of chestnut inner skin were investigated. The antioxidant properties of both extracts of chestnut inner skin were evaluated using different antioxidant tests, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, reducing power, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and inhibitory effects on ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching. The 80% methanol extract of inner skin exhibited the higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, reducing power, and FRAP than water extract of inner skin and did also in a concentration-dependent manner. However, inhibitory effects on ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching of 80% methanol extract was similar to those of water extract, 35.09 and 39.07% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic contents of water and 80% methanol extract from chestnut inner skin were 5,801.42 and 9,735.56 mg/100 g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that gallic acid was the predominant phenolic compound in water and 80% methanol extract from inner skin. These water and 80% methanol extracts of chestnut inner skin can be utilized as an effective and safe source of antioxidants.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 2013

Antioxidants are an important group of medicinal preventive compounds as well as being food additives inhibiting detrimental changes of easily oxidizable nutrients. The present investigation has been carried out to evaluate the antioxidant properties of different solvent extracts of Agriophyllum pungens seeds by various in vitro systems. The antioxidative activities of these samples were determined using four methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activities. Additionally, total flavonoids and phenolic contents (TPC) were also determined. Yield of extracts varied widely among solvents and was the highest for water extract (5.642% based on dry weight basis), while ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (0.149 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (0.111 mg/mL), and antioxidant activities (P<0.05). The ABTS radical scavenging activity of A. pungens seeds occurred in the following order: ascorbic acid (92.9157%)>BHA (90.1503%)> ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (87.7527%)>APEA (83.9887%) >APWR (75.5633%); the antioxidant activity of the extracts might be attributed to the presence of these phenolics. This suggests that A. pungens seed extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants, which could be added to dietary supplements to help prevent oxidative stress.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1367-1374
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of three cultivars of Actinidia arguta Planch. kiwi berries; cv. Mansoo (Mansoo), cv. Chiak (Chiak), and cv. Haeyeon (Haeyeon). In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three cultivars of kiwi berries were investigated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Mansoo had the highest total phenolic content and TAC among the three cultivars, whereas Chiak had the highest total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacities of the kiwi berry extracts were more strongly correlated with total phenolic content than with total flavonoid content. The kiwi berry extracts suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The release of nitrite, an indirect indicator of nitric oxide, was also ameliorated by pre-treatment with the kiwi berry extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular-based measurements of antioxidant capacity exhibited that the kiwi berry extracts had cellular antioxidant capacities. Such cellular antioxidant effects are possibly attributed to their direct antioxidant capacity or to the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation via anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings suggest that kiwi berries are potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.253-257
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• 2004

Platelet aggregation is a complex phenomenon that probably involves several intracellular biochemical pathways. When activated, platelets change shape, aggregate and release the contents of their intracellular granules. The interactions between platelets and blood vessel walls are important in the development of thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases. When blood vessels are damaged, platelet aggregation occurs rapidly to form haemostatic Plugs or arterial thrombi at the sites of vessel injury or in regions where blood flow is disturbed. These thrombi are the source of thromboembolic complications of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, the inhibition of platelet function represents a promising approach for the prevention of thrombosis. Plants constitute a rich source of bioactive chemicals such as phenolics, terpenoids and alkaloids. Plant extracts may be an alternative to currently used medicinal source because they constitute a rich source of bioactive chemicals. This study was performed to investigate the antiplatelet activity of extract of Tabebuia impetiginosa Martius ex DC (Taheebo) and find out which fractions to this activity in rabbit platelet. Taheebo was methanol extracted and solvent fractionated in to five fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water). And each fractions were investigated inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation induced by various agonists using washed rabbit platelets in vitro.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.224-237
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• 2015

We hypothesized that the extract from steam exploded Q. variabilis might be cytoprotective for tenofibroblasts cells during oxidative stress. In the present study, the extracts obtained from steam exploded (severity log Ro 4.68) Q. variabilis contained high quantities of phenolics and flavonoids contents. Also, the extracts appear to have, on these tenofibroblasts, a protective effect against oxidative stress. Tenofibroblasts cells incubated with the extracts and stressed with $H_2O_2$ showed an increase in cell viability by MTT assay. The extracts is found to inhibit $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis in tenofibroblasts cells, as shown by Annexin V/PI double staining analysis. Western blot data showed that in the extracts/$H_2O_2$-treated cells, the extracts inhibited the $H_2O_2$-dependent phosphorylation of ERK and p38. From these results, it is suggested that the extracts showed the protective effect on $H_2O_2$-mediated oxidative stress. The main chemical compounds of the extract was identified as 1,8-cineole by GC-MS analysis. The anti-apoptosis activity is accordingly believed to be attributable to the 1,8-cineole.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2010

This study was carried out to obtain the information on the antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus. We compared and analyzed three indigenous collections of Phyllanthus: species from Korea, Brazil and Paraguay. Total phenolic acid contents were $1.93{\pm}0.015$ mg/mL in KCS (Korean Collection Species), $1.65{\pm}0.003$ mg/mL in PCS (Paraguay Collection Species) and $1.49{\pm}0.003$ mg/mL in BCS(Brazil Collection Species). In both DPPH radical scavenging activities and SOD-liked activities, KCS was the highest ($67.25{\pm}0.03%,\;78.38{\pm}1.17%$). KCS were also the highest in hydroxyl radical scavenging activities ($95.80{\pm}0.17%$). It turned out that there was no meaningful difference between BCS ($81.64{\pm}0.23%$) and PCS ($81.54{\pm}0.04%$). As for hydrogen radical scavenging activities, there was no statistically meaningful difference between KCS ($36.44{\pm}0.24%$) and BCS ($36.31{\pm}0.33%$) and it was the lowest in PCS ($33.72{\pm}0.15%$). Our results showed that KCS excelled the others not only in antioxidant activity but also in other beneficial effects. This encouraging results may be potentially useful in developing Phyllanthus urinaria L. variety which contains lots of functional elements such as total phenolic acid.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.495-509
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• 2016

Irrigation applications (IA) and increased bud load (BL) are fundamental practices that are used to achieve optimum yields in grape production, while maintaining fruit quality parameters. Two different irrigation amounts (IA-I and IA-II) based on growth stages, in addition to a non-irrigated (rain-fed) control, along with two different BL applications [normal bud load based on traditional pruning practices (1BL) and double bud load (2BL)] were evaluated over a two-year experiment for their effects on the biochemical composition of the berries. Berries from the rain-fed vines had higher sugar levels, whereas no significant change was detected in organic acid levels. The increased bud load (2BL) treatment yielded less sugar in the berries compared to the 1BL control in both years. The total non-colored phenolic compounds (NPC) were greater in the irrigated (especially IA-I) and 2BL treatments than in those of the rain-fed and 1BL control. However, total anthocyanin was greater in the non-irrigated and 1BL control than in the irrigated and 2BL treatments. The antioxidant contents of the berries also varied according to the treatments and years. Our results implied that implementing a higher bud load along with the IA-I irrigation application, in which irrigation applications were 50 and 75% of the cumulative evaporation from the Class A pan during berry set to veraison and veraison to harvest growth stages, respectively, can help in obtaining greater yields in high-plateau viticulture. Thus, if more buds are left on the vines, along with sufficient irrigation and rainfall, yield may increase while maintaining or increasing the biochemical composition of the berries.