• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2016

The antioxidant activity was examined on ultra-fine powdered (UFP) Ulmus davidiana (U. davidiana) var. japonica. The average particle size of UFP or commercial powdered (CP) was $1-3{\mu}m$ or $100{\mu}m$. The extraction was performed using either ethanol (EtOH) or hot-water. Contents of phenolic compound of CP and UFP U. davidiana extracts in EtOH was 40.38 and 65.61 mg/g, respectively. In DPPH, EtOH extract of UFP U. davidiana showed a significantly greater activity than hot-water extract at 40 and $200{\mu}g/mL$. At $200{\mu}g/mL$, the activity was over 90% in all groups. The reducing power of UFP U. davidiana var. japonica in EtOH extraction was 74.3%, which was significantly greater than in other samples (p<0.05). In addition, reducing powder was significantly higher in UFP-EtOH than in other samples at all concentrations except for $0.32{\mu}g/mL$. The above results suggest that EtOH extraction of U. davidiana showed slightly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ultra-fine powder of U. davidiana extracts may show higher antioxidative activities based on reducing power.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.153-155
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• 2015

뽕나무(Morus alba L.) 뿌리껍질을 실온에서 80% MeOH 수용액으로 추출하고 이 추출물을 EtOAC, n-BuOH, 그리고 $H_2O$ 분획으로 나누었다. EtOAc 및 n-BuOH 분획에 대하여 silica gel, ODS 및 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography를 반복 실시하여 4종의 phenolic 화합물을 분리, 정제하였다. NMR, IR, 및 EI/MS 등을 해석하여, norartocarpanone (1), 2',4',7-trihydroxy-(2S)-flavanone (2), methyl-${\beta}$-resorcylate (3), 그리고 (Z)-oxyresveratrol-4-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-glucopyranoside (4)로 각각 구조동정하였다. 화합물 (Z)-oxyresveratrol-4-O-${\beta}$-$\small{D}$-glucopyranoside (4)는 상백피로부터는 이번 실험에서 처음으로 분리되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 1988

두유의 고삽미와 불쾌취를 제거하기 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 대두에 NaOH, $NaHCO_3$ 용액을 처리하여 phenol 화합물의 변화를 HPLC로 정량하였고, 두유중의 beany flavor를 GC로 분석하였으며, 두유의 일반성분 및 기호도를 측정한 결과 대두중의 phenol 화합물은 chlorogenic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gentisic acid가 확인되었으며, chlorogenic acid 함량이 가장 높았다. 대두중의 phenol 화합물중 chlorogenic acid는 주로 결합형, 기타 다른 phenol 화합물은 유리형으로 대부분 존재하였다. 대두를 0.1% NaOH용액으로 8시간 침지하였을 때 chlorogenic acid는 85% 이상이 제거되었다. 대두중의 phenol화합물 제거에는 NaOH용액이 효과적이었고, 온도가 높아짐에 따라 제거율도 높아졌으며, 0.1% NaOH용액에게서 $90^{\circ}C$, 1시간처리하였을 때 phenol 화합물은 대부분 제거되었다. 물, 0.1% NaOH 및 0.5% $NaHCO_3$ 용액으로 침지하여 제조한 두유의 일반성분은 처리간에 비슷하였다. NaOH 용액 처리에 의하여 두유의 beany flavor 중 hexanol은 증가하였으나, hexanal, propanal, pentanal은 60% 이상이 제거되었다. NaOH 용액처리, 고온침지처리에 의하여 두유의 yellowness는 증가하였으나 물과 저온 침지처리에서는 whiteness가 증가하였다. 대두를 0.1% NaOH 용액으로 $90^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 처리하여 제조한 두유의 기호도가 가장 좋았다.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.57.1-57.1
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• 2011

The effects of relative humidity on the properties of the porous $ZrO_2$ ceramics were investigated in terms of the curing behavior of phenolic resin as a binder. The $ZrO_2$ powders containing 5wt% of phenolic resin were conditioned in a consistent chamber condition at a temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and different humidity levels (25, 50, 75, and 95%) for 1 h. The exposure of humid atmosphere caused changes of density and microstructure in the green bodies. The higher level the powders were exposed to the humid atmosphere, the lower green density was obtained and the more irregular microstructure was observed due to aggregation by the curing of phenolic resin. After firing, the porosity of specimens has risen from 35.7% to 38.1% and Young's modulus has declined in response to the variation of green density. These results could be explained by the degree of resin cure which was associated with the area under the exothermic peak enclosed by a baseline of DSC thermogram curve. Also, the curing behavior of phenolic resin according to relative humidity has been confirmed by decrease of ether groups which have interacted with the phenolic-OH group and the hexamine as a curing agent. Consequently, it could be demonstrated that increase the relative humidity during fabrication of porous $ZrO_2$ diminished the compaction and properties of specimens after firing owing to curing of phenolic resin.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 F-C시약을 이용한 페놀성 물질의 정량방법에서 다양한 종류의 페놀성 성분들의 반응특성 및 반응영향요인들을 분석하였다. 정량방법 중 $Na_2CO_3$를 선처리는 F-C시약을 먼저 처리하는 방법에 비해 대부분 페놀성 물질들의 발색반응도 감소를 야기하였으며, 특히 -OH 밀도가 높은 galloyl group을 가진 gallic acid 및 EGCG 등의 성분이 두드러진 감소를 나타내었다. F-C시약과 $Na_2CO_3$를 동시에 처리하는 경우 F-C시약을 선처리 하는 경우에 비해 각 페놀성 물질의 반응성이 약간 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다. 그 원인은 페놀성 물질들이 산성인 F-C시약에서보다 $Na_2CO_3$ 용액의 알칼리 환경에서 화학적으로 불안정하기 때문이며, pH 7.4 및 9의 환경에서 페놀성 물질로부터 생성된 산화물들은 F-C시약과의 반응성이 약화됨을 확인하였다. 이 과정중에 같이 형성된 $H_2O_2$는 F-C와의 반응에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. FeA와 SiA와 같은 monophenol류는 방법의 차이에 따라 큰 반응성의 변화를 나타내지 않았으며, 발색도는 느리지만 꾸준히 증가하는 kinetics 패턴을 보였다. 실제 시료에의 적용을 위해 연잎 추출물을 제조하고 각 정량방법에 대한 반응도 차이를 조사한 결과, 역시 $Na_2CO_3$ 처리환경에서 현저한 발색반응도 저하를 나타내었다. 보다 정확한 페놀성 물질의 정량을 위해 적절한 표준물질의 선택 및 정량 방법 등에 대한 표준화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2018

최근까지도, 현대사회의 암 발생률은 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 인체 내부에서 내재적 또는 외재적인 요인에 의해 DNA 손상이 발생되고, 세포는 DNA 손상에 대한 방어기작을 통해 스스로를 방어한다. 또한, 비정상적인 DNA 생성 및 결손된 DNA 가닥의 복원은 노화, 암, 염증 등 다양한 질병으로부터 기인한다. 많은 연구자는 이러한 DNA 손상을 억제하기 위하여 적절한 소재 탐색에 많은 관심을 두고 있으며, 특히 합성화합물의 부작용이 알려지면서, 천연물을 기반으로 한 암 예방적 소재에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 토복령은 백합과(Liliacese)에 속하는 청미래덩굴(Smilax china L.)의 근경이며, 전통적으로 해독과 종기 등의 치료제로 사용되어왔다. 하지만 토복령의 DNA 손상에 대한 억제 효과에 대한 연구는 미흡하다. 본 논문에서는 토복령의 항산화 효과 및 DNA 손상에 대한 억제 효과를 확인하고, 식물이 포함하는 phenolic 화합물의 활성과 연관 관계를 확인하고자 하였다. 항산화 효과를 확인하기 위해, DPPH 라디칼 및 ABTS 라디칼에 대한 소거 활성을 확인하였다. 토복령 추출물은 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼을 효과적으로 제거하였으며, 높은 환원력을 나타냈다. HPLC 분석을 통해 phenolic 화합물을 정량 및 동정하였으며, 항산화 효과와 phenolic 화합물의 연관 관계를 확인하였다. 또한, $OH^-$ 라디칼 및 $Fe^{2+}$으로 유발된 plasmid DNA 손상에 대한 방어 효과를 확인하였다. 세포 수준에서, DNA 손상에 대한 저해 효과는 산화적 스트레스로 유발된 NIH 3T3 세포의 ${\gamma]$-H2AX 및 p53 단백질 발현 저해 활성을 확인하였다. 또한, H2AX 및 p53 mRNA 수준의 저해 활성을 확인하였다. 결론적으로, 토복령 추출물의 phenolic 화합물의 항산화 효과 및 DNA 손상에 대한 억제 효과를 확인하였다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.66-66
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• 2018

Light fermentation has been conducted under different light conditions such as normal dark light, white light, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) various color (blue, green, red, white on blueberry powder with fermenting bacteria Bacillus subtilis (B2). The bacteria B2 was isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing method. RYRP biologically converted to secondary metabolites through light fermentation in the presence of Bacillus subtilis, the bacteria actively involved in bioconversion process. LEDs fermentation to enhance the production of phenolic content while comparing to normal dark and white light. Among the different color LEDs, blue LEDs mediated fermentation showed higher amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content. Then blue LEDs mediated fermented compound were characterized by FTIR and GC-MS, subsequently the compound was analyzed antioxidant activity tests and the antioxidant activity exhibited higher. This is the first study to demonstrate that B. subtilis-LEDs mediated fermentation is useful for facilitating phenolic compound production and enhancing antioxidant activity, which may have greater application fermentation fields.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2007

Nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater was investigated using a MLE (Modified-Ludzack Ettinger) type MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor), with different phenol ($C_6H_5OH$) concentrations, in order to determine the inhibition effects of phenol on biological nutrient removal and the biodegradation of phenolic wastewater. The wastewater was prepared by mixing a solution of molasses with known amounts of phenol and nutrients. The experiments were conducted in a lab-scale MLE type MBBR, operated with four different phenol concentrations (0, 67, 100 and 168mg/L) in the synthetic feed. Throughout the experiments, the ratio of the phenolic COD concentration to the total COD was varied from 0 to 1. Throughout batch test, the SNR (Specific Nitrification Rate) and SDNR (Specific Denitrification Rate) were significantly influenced by changes of the phenol concentration. Phenol was inhibitory to the nitrification/denitrification process, and showed greater inhibition with higher initial phenol concentrations. The SNR observed with 0, 67, 100 and 168mg phenol/L were very different like 10.12, 6.95, 1.51 and $0.35mg\;NH_{3^-}N/gMLVSS$ hr, respectively. Similarly, the SDNR observed at 0, 67, 100 and 168mg phenol/L were different like 0.322, 0.143, 0.049and 0.006mgN/gMLVSS day, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.144-152
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• 2023

Two different extraction methods were used to evaluate the medical value of common rue, Ruta graveolens L. (RGL). The results of our 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid assays indicated that the antioxidant activity of RGL essential oil extract obtained through steam distillation was very low, whereas ethanol (EtOH) extracts of RGL showed higher antioxidant activity. RGL essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and characterized by GC/MS analysis. Furthermore, EtOH extracts of RGL were obtained under reflux and analyzed by HPLC/PDA. The GC/MS results indicated that the ketone compounds 2-undecanol acetate, nonyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, and 2-nonanone accounted for more than 70% of the composition of RGL essential oil. The HPLC/PDA analyses indicated that the RGL extracts were rich in phenolic compounds such as protocatechuic acid, rutin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, and bergapten, among which rutin was the most abundant. Collectively, our results demonstrated that RGL contains high levels of phenolic compounds and could thus be commercialized as a valuable plant-derived antioxidant.

• 생약학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2021

This study evaluated several in vitro activities including the preliminary assessment of the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects of tree sprout extracts. Chlorogenic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acid contents in tree sprouts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and an ultraviolet detector. Among the studied tree sprout extracts, the ethanol (EtOH) extract of Rhus verniciflua exhibited the most potent anti-cancer effect by suppressing the cell viability of a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line, with an IC₅₀ of 7.06 ㎍/mL. The EtOH extract of Morus alba (MAB) inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL, with an IC₅₀ of 83.44 ㎍/mL. Moreover, the EtOH extract of Securinega suffruticosa inhibited NO secretion with the lowest IC₅₀ of 54.42 ㎍/mL. The EtOH extract of Fraxinus mandschurica was the only extract with effective α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The total content of chlorogenic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids was the highest in MAB (14.63 mg/g ext.). In conclusion, the beneficial activities of the tree sprout extracts with high phenolic acid content were generally high. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the development of health-promoting supplements and functional foods.