• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2020

Background: The biological and pharmacological effects of BST204, a fermented ginseng extract, have been reported in various disease conditions. However, its molecular action in metabolic disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified the antiadipogenic activity of BST204 resulting from its inhibition of the S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) signaling pathway. Methods: The inhibitory effects of BST204 on S6K1 signaling were investigated by immunoblot, nuclear fractionation, immunoprecipitation analyses. The antiadipogenic effect of BST204 was evaluated by measuring mRNA levels of adipogenic genes and by chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: Treatment with BST204 inhibited activation and nuclear translocation of S6K1, further decreasing the interaction between S6K1 and histone H2B in 10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. Subsequently, phosphorylation of H2B at serine 36 (H2BS36p) by S6K1 was reduced by BST204, inducing an increase in the mRNA expression of Wnt6, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b, which disturbed adipogenic differentiation and promoted myogenic and early osteogenic gene expression. Consistently, BST204 treatment during adipogenic commitment suppressed the expression of adipogenic marker genes and lipid drop formation. Conclusion: Our results indicate that BST204 blocks adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through the inhibition of S6K1-mediated histone phosphorylation. This study suggests the potential therapeutic strategy using BST204 to combat obesity and musculoskeletal diseases.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

Ginsenosides have been regarded as the principal components, responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. Absorption of major ginsenosides at the gastrointestinal tract was extremely low, when ginseng taken orally. In order to improve the absorption and bioavailability, transformation of major ginsenosides into more active and valuable minor ginsenoside is much required. In this present study, We isolated a lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc fallax LH3 from the Korean fermented food Kimchi, which have higher ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity. Using the ethanol precipitated curd enzyme of Leuconostoc fallax LH3, we investigated the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rd at different experimental condition to increase transformation. The maximum convertion was supported at 30 $^{\circ}C$ and decreased when temperatures increased. In order to optimize the effect of pH, the curd enzyme was mixed 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5 to pH 8.0). Ginsenoside Rd was almost hydrolyzed between pH 7.0 and pH 9.0, but not hydrolyzed above pH 10.0. Ginsenoside Rd was hydrolyzed after 24 hrs incubation, but whereas the ginsenoside F2 was appeared from 36 hrs, and all ginsenoside Rd was transformed to F2 after the 60 hrs incubation. Based on this study, the curd enzyme of Leuconostoc fallax LH3 transformed the ginsenoside Rd at the 30$^{\circ}C$ and the pH optimum of 7.0 to 9.0 after the 60 hrs incubation time.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.224-229
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• 2006

전산모사 프로그램인 FEMLAB을 이용하여 chiral center를 가지고 있는 racemate인 ibuprofen의 R-form과 S-form의 분리 전산모사 결과와 Kromasil KR100-5CHI-TBB 칼럼을 사용하여 HPLC를 통한 실험데이터를 비교 분석하였다. Hexane/t-BME/acetic acid(45:55:1 v/v%)의 이동상의 조건에서 이론단수(number of theoretical plates), 이론단높이(HETP; Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate)을 구하여 축방향 확산계수($Deff_i$)를 계산하였다. PIM(Pulsed Input Method)을 사용하여 분석한 결과 ibuprofen의 농도가 증가할수록 Langmuir 등온흡착식을 따르는 비선형 거동을 보였고, 각 농도에서의 체류시간($t_R$)과 phase ratio를 이용하여 비경쟁적 Langmuir 등온흡착식의 매개변수를 추산하였고, 이 매개변수를 이용하여 경쟁적 Langmuir 등온흡착식을 결정하였다. 실험을 통해 얻은 데이터를 FEMLAB 적용하여 등온흡착식의 변화에 따른 용리띠의 변화와 두 성분이 컬럼을 이동하는 동안 두 성분간 분리 과정을 관찰하였다. Ibuprofen의 농도, 유속을 변화시키면서 실험결과와 전산모사결과를 비교한 결과 실험결과와 전산모사결과가 비슷한 경향성을 보였다. 이와 같이 FEMLAB 전산모사 프로그램의 실험적용 가능성을 확인하였고. 실험과 일치하는 전산모사데이터를 얻기 위해서 고정상내의 세공에서의 물질전달을 포함하는 물질수지식의 적용과 비선형 흡착평형식에 대한 좀 더 정확한 식이 요구된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.1595-1603
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 미나리 에탄올 추출물 및 그 분획물의 항염증 효과를 알아보기 위해서 LPS에 의해 염증반응이 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포에 대해 추출물이 미치는 항염증 효과를 살펴보았다. 미나리 에탄올 추출물은 nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$)의 활성을 억제함으로써 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현을 감소시켰고, 결과적으로 NO 생성을 억제하였다. 또한, 미나리 에탄올 추출물의 헥산, 부탄올, 에틸아세테이트 그리고 메틸렌클로라이드 분획물을 처리했을 때 에틸아세테이트와 메틸렌 클로라이드 분획물 전처리 실험군에서 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO의 형성이 현저히 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 그중 미나리 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 iNOS와 COX-2의 단백질 발현량 및 전염증성 사이토카인을 현저히 감소시킴에 따라 우수한 항염증 효과를 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 미나리 에탄올 추출물, 그 분획물 중 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 염증을 완화시키는 유효성분이 많은 것을 규명하였고 향후 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 어떠한 유효성분이 있는 지에 대해 추후 실험이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한, 이러한 항염증 효능을 규명함으로써 향후 기능성 식품 소재로의 이용 가능성을 제시한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2015

Both Portulaca oleracea (PO) and Glechoma hederacea (GH) have been used as traditional medicine due to the multiple pharmacological activities. However, the effects of PO and GH in the pathology of periodontitis is still elusive. In this study, we examined anti-microbial activity of PO ethanol extract (POEE) and GH ethanol extract (GHEE) in vitro, and physiological effects of POEE and GHEE on the cell inflammatory responses and the severity of periodontitis were determined using the rat periodontitis model. Our results indicate that POEE and GHEE had no effects on the proliferation of streptococcus mutans and on LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in gingival fibroblast cells. Notably, ingestion of POEE and GHEE resulted in attenuating the severity of periodontitis and population change of immune cells. These data suggests that PO and GH should be considered as candidates for relieving the severity of periondontitis.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.247-252
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• 2016

산양삼은 식품 또는 약초로써 많이 사용되고 있다. 이번 연구의 목표는 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) - charged aerosol detection (CAD)에 의해 산양삼의 추출물에 사포닌들의 분석을 최적화 하는 것이다. CAD는 물리적인 특성은 물론이고 입자크기, 스펙트럼 특성과는 무관하게 비휘발성 물질도 분석할 수 있다. 산양삼 추출물 중 Gensenoside Rb1, Rd, Rg1, Rf, Re 및 Rh1을 분석하였다. HPLC-CAD분석을 위한 사포닌 추출물은 건조 산양삼 10 g에 95% 에탄올 100 ml을 넣어 80℃에서 24시간 동안 추출하여 사포닌을 얻었다. 6개의 주요한 사포닌을 정량화하였을 경우 값은 다음과 같다. 사포닌들의 함량은 Rb1 (5.48±0.12 mg/g), Rd (5.33±0.14 mg/g), Rg1 (12.80±0.05 mg/g), Rf (19.08±0.68 mg/g), Re (19.87± 0.05 mg/g), 및 Rh1 (16.47±0.16 mg/g)로 확인하였다. 대체적으로 산양삼 추출물의 사포닌은 protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Rf, Re, Rh1)의 값이 protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rd)보다 높게 확인 되었다. 이번 연구에서는 산양삼 사포닌의 분석조건을 HPLC-CAD를 이용하여 최적화하였고 제품화를 위해 약리활성에 관한 연구도 매우 중요할 것이다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.129-144
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• 2002

We investigated anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obese effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and its major constituent, ginsenoside Re, in obese diabetic C57BL/6J ob/ob mice and their lean littermates. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of Panax ginseng berry extract for 12 days. On Day 5, 150 mg/kg extract-treated ob/ob mice had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to vehicle-treated mice $(156{\pm}9.0\;mg/dl\;vs.\;243{\pm}15.8mg/dl,$ P<0.01). On Day 12, the extract-treated ob/ob mice became normoglycemic $(137{\pm}6.7\;mg/dl)$ and had significantly improved glucose tolerance. The overall glucose excursion during the two-hour intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), calculated as area under the curve (AUC), decreased by $46\%$ (P<0.01) compared to vehicle-treated ob/ob mice. Glucose levels of lean mice were not significantly affected by the extract. The improvement in blood glucose levels in 150 mg/kg extracttreated ob/ob mice was associated with significant reduction in serum insulin levels of fed and fasting mice. Consistent with an improvement in insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study revealed a more than 2-fold increase in the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in treated ob/ob mice $(112{\pm}19.1\;vs.\;52{\pm}11.8{\mu}mol/kg/min$ for the vehicle group, P<0.01). In addition, 150 mg/kg extract-treated ob/ob mice, but not the lean mice, lost significant weight (from $51.7{\pm}1.9g\;on\;Day\;0\;to\;45.7{\pm}1.2$ on Day 12, P<0.01 compared to vehicle-treated ob/ob mice), associated with a significant reduction in food intake (P<0.05) and a very significant increase in energy expenditure (P<0.01) and body temperature (P<0.01). A 12-day treatment with 150 mg/kg Panax ginseng berry extract also significantly reduced plasma cholesterol levels in ob/ob mice. Additional studies demonstrated that ginsenoside Re, a major constituent of the ginseng berry, but not from the root, plays a significant role in anti-hyperglycemic action. This anti-diabetic effect of ginsenoside Re was not associated with body weight changes, suggesting that other constituents in the extract have distinct pharmacological mechanisms on energy metabolism. The identification of a significant anti-hyperglycemic activity in ginsenoside Re may provide an opportunity to develop a novel class of anti-diabetic agent.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.686-702
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Schisandrae Fructus, the fruit of Schisandra chinensis Baill., has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various diseases, and has proven its various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract (SF) on inflammatory and oxidative stress in particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS/METHODS: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of SF in PM2.5-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the levels of pro-inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of SF, the expression of genes involved in the generation of inflammatory factors was also investigated. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of SF against PM2.5 in the zebrafish model. RESULTS: The results indicated that SF treatment significantly inhibited the PM2.5-induced release of NO and PGE₂, which was associated with decreased inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. SF also attenuated the PM2.5-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, reducing their extracellular secretion. Moreover, SF suppressed the PM2.5-mediated translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cytosol into nuclei and the degradation of inhibitor IκB-α, indicating that SF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, SF abolished PM2.5-induced generation of ROS, similar to the pretreatment of a ROS scavenger, but not by an inhibitor of NF-κB activity. Furthermore, SF showed strong protective effects against NO and ROS production in PM2.5-treated zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SF exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against PM2.5 through ROS-dependent down-regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and that SF can be a potential functional substance to prevent PM2.5-mediated inflammatory and oxidative damage.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 발효홍삼과 발효하지 않은 홍삼을 BALB/c mouse에 경구투여한 후 혈청을 채취하여 주요 진세노사이드 생체이용율을 LC-MS/MS이용하여 분석하였다. 또한 이들의 항염효과를 IL-1𝛽, TNF 정량분석을 통해 비교하였다. 홍삼을 발효하였을 때, Rd를 포함한 전체적인 총 진세노사이드 함량이 증가하는 것을 확인하였으며, 마우스에게 투여하였을 총 진세노사이드 TG 의 혈액 검출량 AUC 또한 발효홍삼을 섭취하였을 때 높은 것을 확인하였다. C_max값 또한 동일하게 발효홍삼을 섭취하였을 때 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 염증지표를 확인 하였을때 유도군과 비교하여 IL-1𝛽, TNF의 감소효과는 확인하였으나 그룹간의 유의적 차이는 발생하지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과로 probiotics가 발효홍삼의 ginsenoside 생체이용율을 향상시키는 중요한 요인임을 확인하였고, 이는 probiotics를 이용한 천연물 발효제제의 적용 확장과 그 산업적 활용성 증대에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.101-120
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• 2019

PURPOSE : Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum (EL) is the stem fin of Euonymi alatus. In traditional Korean medicine, EL is used for treatment of uterine bleeding, metritis and static blood. Recently, many studies have reported several pharmacological effects of EL including anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic activity, and anti-oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects by the EL is not established. METHODS : To investigate anti-inflammatory effects of Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum Water (ELWE), Raw 264.7 cells were pre-treated with $10-300{\mu}g/mL$ of ELWE, and then exposed to $1{\mu}g/mL$ of LPS. Levels of NO, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were detected by ELISA kit. Expression of pro-inflammatory proteins were determined by immunoblot analysis. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, rat paw edema volume, and expressions of COX-2 and iNOS proteins in carrageenan (CA)-induced rat paw edema model. RESULTS : NO production activated by LPS, was decreased by $30-300{\mu}g/mL$ of ELWE. Production of inflammatory mediators such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, ILs, $PGE_2$ were decreased by ELWE 100 and $300{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, ELWE reduced LPS-mediated iNOS and COX-2 expression. Moreover, ELWE increased $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ expression in cytoplasm and decreased $NF-{\kappa}B$ expression in nucleus. In vivo study, ELWE reduced the increases of paw swelling, and expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in paw edema induced by CA injection. CONCLUSION : The results indicate that ELWE could inhibit the acute inflammatory response, via modulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Furthermore, inhibition of rat paw edema induced by CA is considered as clear evidence that ELWE may be a useful source to treat acute inflammation.