• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.952-959
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• 2023

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have garnered considerable interest for their potential to aid non-native English-speaking researchers. These models can function as personal, round-the-clock English tutors, akin to how Prometheus in Greek mythology bestowed fire upon humans for their advancement. LLMs can be particularly helpful for non-native researchers in writing the Introduction and Discussion sections of manuscripts, where they often encounter challenges. However, using LLMs to generate text for research manuscripts entails concerns such as hallucination, plagiarism, and privacy issues; to mitigate these risks, authors should verify the accuracy of generated content, employ text similarity detectors, and avoid inputting sensitive information into their prompts. Consequently, it may be more prudent to utilize LLMs for editing and refining text rather than generating large portions of text. Journal policies concerning the use of LLMs vary, but transparency in disclosing artificial intelligence tool usage is emphasized. This paper aims to summarize how LLMs can lower the barrier to academic writing in English, enabling researchers to concentrate on domain-specific research, provided they are used responsibly and cautiously.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.141-153
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• 2016

본 연구는 Bootstrapped Malmquist 지수를 이용하여 국내 의약품산업의 생산성 변화 추이를 측정하고 이러한 변화를 기술효율성 변화와 기술변화 요인으로 분해함으로써 의약품산업의 생산효율성을 제고하기 위한 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 특히 기존의 연구들과 달리 투입 및 산출요소의 여분을 반영하여 투입최소화와 산출최대화를 측정할 수 있는 투입산출지향 비방사적 Malmquist 지수를 분석에 활용한다. 또한 평활부트스트랩 방법을 적용하여 Malmquist 지수와 그 구성요인의 통계적 신뢰구간을 추정한다. 실증분석을 위해 2005년에서 2014년까지 10개년의 균형패널자료를 수집하였으며, 분석에 사용된 투입요소는 종사자수, 유형자산, 주요생산비를 선정하였고, 생산액을 산출요소로 사용하였다. 분석 결과, 의약품산업의 생산성은 분석기간 동안 하락한 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 생산성 하락은 기술진보의 둔화에 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 의약품산업의 기술적 효율성은 순수효율성보다는 규모효율성에 보다 많은 영향을 받은 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 향후 의약품산업의 경쟁력 강화를 위해서는 효율적 R&D 투자와 산업구조의 선진화를 통해 기술혁신역량을 강화하는 정책적 지원이 요구된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2020

Objective: The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a national drug subsidy program. Given the similarity and comprehensiveness of the Australian PBS and the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) data, these data are increasingly used for pharmacoepidemiological investigations, as well as international comparative studies. This study aims to introduce the various sources of publicly available PBS data and provide a practical guide to researchers conducting drug utilization studies. Methods: We searched literature and websites to detail and compare the collection, structure, components, and characteristics of each PBS data format. We identified different characteristics of the PBS data from the Korean NHI claims data which are mainly owing to their unique co-payment policies and data collection processes. In addition, the utilization and expenditure of atorvastatin, a widely used treatment for hyperlipidemia, were analyzed using two different sources of PBS data and the different results were interpreted. Results: There exist differences in when data were collected or non-subsidized uses of medicine were included among sources of PBS data. Additionally, two countries have different cost sharing methods inmedicine subsidy scheme; co-payment in Australia and co-insurance in Korea. Therefore, it should be noted that prescriptions under co-payment are not included in some data sources in Australia. Conclusion: Despite several analytical challenges, open access and easy data management are the strengths of the PBS data sources. A detailed knowledge of the PBS data can ensure robust methodology and interpretation of pharmacoepidemiological investigations or international comparative studies.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.318-326
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• 2007

The elderly are more likely to have chronic medical conditions that require multiple drug therapies. Purposes of this study are to reveal necessity of elderly patient education by pharmacists, and to induce appropriate policy. We carried out literature research. Taking several drugs together increases risk of drug interactions and adverse reactions. We suggest that pharmacists have the legal authority to monitor prescription for efficient drug management, pharmacovigilance system be efficiently operated, and medication education fee be provided to allow pharmacists give more time to the elderly.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.249-262
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• 2011

Since May 1st in 2008, the products of ginkgo biloba extract have had to be used with the patient's out-of-pocket payment due to reimbursement restriction guidelines. This study aims to analyze the policy effects of reimbursement restriction on pharmaceutical expenditures using interrupted time series(ITS) analysis. We retrieved monthly NHI claims data for the period between May, 2005 and December 2009. The ingredients identified as a substitute for ginkgo biloba have similar indications based on the similar pharmacological activities. The effects of changes in reimbursement scope were evaluated both for all relevant pharmaceuticals within the same therapeutic class and for 2 separate groups : ginkgo biloba's and its substitutes. According to the study results, restrictions on reimbursement scope resulted in savings of the drug expenditures in the targeted therapeutic class. Direct restriction on ginkgo biloba was associated with a decrease in expenditure level by 60.1% and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 1.4% to an average decrease rate of 1.5% for the therapeutic class, with a dramatic decrease in expenditure level(-191.5%) for ginkgo biloba itself, but with an increased expenditure level(+50.1%) and changes in trend from an average increase rate of 2.0% to an average decrease rate of 1.0% for the substitute group. Further policy to restrict nicergoline was associated with additional decrease in expenditure level for the therapeutic class. Additionally, we could identify the balloon effect - a new policy squeezing one part results in bulging out elsewhere. After the restriction of ginkgo biloba, the utilization of and expenditures on its substitutes increased significantly. In conclusion, we demonstrated that consecutively introduced policies effectively reduced overall expenditures on the therapeutic class of interest. Some ingredients played as a substitute while others did not. Further studies need to be conducted to identify which factors determine a substitute.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2021

Objectives: This study explored changes in individuals' behavior in response to social distancing (SD) levels and the "no gatherings of more than 5 people" (NGM5) rule in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Using survey data from the COVID-19 Behavior Tracker, exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 preventive factors: maintenance of personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. Each factor was used as a dependent variable. The chisquare test was used to compare differences in distributions between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with high compliance with measures to prevent transmission. Results: In men, all 3 factors were significantly associated with lower compliance. Younger age groups were associated with lower compliance with maintenance of personal hygiene and avoiding meeting people. Employment status was significantly associated with avoiding going out and avoiding meeting people. Residence in the capital area was significantly associated with higher compliance with personal hygiene and avoiding venturing out. Increasing SD levels were associated with personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. The NGM5 policy was not significantly associated with compliance. Conclusions: SD levels, gender, age, employment status, and region had explanatory power for compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Strengthening social campaigns to inspire voluntary compliance with NPIs, especially focused on men, younger people, full-time workers, and residents of the capital area is recommended. Simultaneously, efforts need to be made to segment SD measures into substrategies with detailed guidance at each level.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.415-423
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• 2022

Economic evaluations in the healthcare are used to assess economic efficiency of pharmaceuticals and medical interventions such as diagnoses and medical procedures. This study introduces the main concepts of economic evaluation across its key steps: planning, outcome and cost calculation, modeling, cost-effectiveness results, uncertainty analysis, and decision-making. When planning an economic evaluation, we determine the study population, intervention, comparators, perspectives, time horizon, discount rates, and type of economic evaluation. In healthcare economic evaluations, outcomes include changes in mortality, the survival rate, life years, and quality-adjusted life years, while costs include medical, non-medical, and productivity costs. Model-based economic evaluations, including decision tree and Markov models, are mainly used to calculate the total costs and total effects. In cost-effectiveness or costutility analyses, cost-effectiveness is evaluated using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which is the additional cost per one additional unit of effectiveness gained by an intervention compared with a comparator. All outcomes have uncertainties owing to limited evidence, diverse methodologies, and unexplained variation. Thus, researchers should review these uncertainties and confirm their robustness. We hope to contribute to the establishment and dissemination of economic evaluation methodologies that reflect Korean clinical and research environment and ultimately improve the rationality of healthcare policies.

• 셀메드
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.29.1-29.6
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• 2020

COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2). This new viral disease was unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of November 16th 2020, it affects about 54.3 million populations, death troll increased to 1.32 million cases in worldwide. Whereas in India 8.85 cases are infected with COVID-19, of which 1, 30, 112 cases were died. Till now there has been no specific anti-virus drug or vaccines are available for the treatment of this disease, the supportive care and non-specific treatment to the symptoms of the patient are the only options in Biomedicine, the entire world turns its attention towards alternative medicine or Traditional medicine. Siddha medicine is one of the primordial systems of medicine practiced in the southern part of India, it dealt a lot about pandemic, and its management. This review provides an insight into Pandemic in Siddha system and its management in both ancient history and modern history, National and state level Government policies related to current pandemic, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on usage of unproven drug during infectious disease outbreak, Preparedness of Siddha system during a pandemic outbreak Challenges and Recommendations.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.735-740
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to assess how accounting conservatism is practiced in the Jordanian pharmaceuticals and medical industry. It assesses the association between accounting conservatism and intellectual capital (IC) in this industry. This study measures IC performance using the market price per share less book value. Accounting conservatism is measured using the book-to-price ratio, and the data was collected from company annual reports and the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) website. The data was collected for the period of six years (2014 to 2019). The sample was made up of four companies in the industry listed in the ASE. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program though the ordinary least squares regression model to assess how accounting conservatism is associated with IC. The findings indicate a negative association with companies having higher IC performance and reporting lower accounting conservatism. IC is applied more in these companies, although it might be lower than in other companies in other sectors. This study provides empirical evidence on how IC is applied in the industry and how it might be negatively associated with accounting conservatism. Findings indicate the need for more effective policies to promote recognition of intangible assets in the sector.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2021

In Korea, some pharmaceutical companies and agricultural machine manufacturers associate the length of the credit period with the retailer's order size. This kind of commercial practice is based on the principle of economy of scale from the supplier's point of view and tends to make retailer's order size large enough to qualify a certain credit period break. Also, the credit period allowed by the supplier makes it possible to reduce the retail price expecting that the retailer can earn more profits by the stimulating the customer's demand. Since the retailer's order size is affected by the end customer's demand, it is reasonable to determine the retail price and the order size simultaneously. In this regard, this paper analyzes the retailer's problem who has to decide his sales price and order quantity from a supplier who offers different credit periods depending on his order size. And we show that the retailer's order size large enough to qualify a certain credit period break. Also, it is assumed that the end customer's demand rate is represented by a linear decreasing function of the retail price.