• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop a method for direct determination of phagocytic activities in human circulatic systems and to measure the phagocytic activities in human leukocytes from the alcoholics, since phagocytic activity was considered to be very important in human immune mechanism at early stage for the health care of the alcoholics. The subjects for this study were 130 among which 95 males and 3 females were diagnosed as alcoholism and 32 was healthy blood donors. A thin layer of heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I was placed on a plastic dish and reacted with whole blood to measure the phagocytic plaque formation by human leukocytes. In order to determine the health conditions of the subjects, some clinical laboratory tests, such as white blood cell counts, hemoglobin contents (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells(MCV), serum electrophoresis, B and T-lymphocytes, T-lymphocyte subtypes and phytohemagglutination test were also implemented. Compared to the non-alcoholism, new and old alcoholic inpatients showed statistically significant differences on levels of Hgb and MCV (p<0.05), but showed that T and B-lymphocyte numbers decreased and Helper T cell/Suppressor T cell ratio ($1.6{\pm}0.8$%) increased. Compared to non-alcoholism, phagocytic plaque activities of leukocytes from alcoholic patients decreased significantly and an unusual pattern in phagocytic plaque was observed, showing a strange body and chain shaped phagocytosis. Based upon these results, it is concluded that a phagocytic-plaques of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I by leukocytes was very simple and useful method for the early immunological determination of phagocytic activities in alcoholic patients without requiring any special equipments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1095-1100
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• 2008

Antioxidative and macrophage phagocytic activities and contents of functional component in selected Korean chestnuts (Dantaek, Daebo, Okkwang, Seokchu, Byunggo) were evaluated. Coumarin, gallic acid and catechin in inner skin and whole kernel of selected Korean chestnuts were detected by HPLC. The predominant functional components in inner skin of chestnut were catechin, followed by gallic acid and coumarin. However, the whole kernel had only gallic acid. Thus, the antioxidant properties of gallic acid and catechin were evaluated through DPPH radical-scavenging activity and SOD like activity. Gallic acid and catechin at 6.0 mg/100 g exhibited 69.4% and 38.3% of scavenging activities on DPPH radical, respectively. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of gallic acid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Gallic acid was found to possess higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity than equivalent amount of catechin at all concentrations, whereas catechin was found to have higher SOD like activity than gallic acid. In addition, pre-incubation of macrophage with white kernel extract from Byunggo resulted in a significant increase of phagocytic activity and yellow kernel extracts from Byunggo, Dantaek, Daebo and Okkwang, leading to an increase in phagocytic activity compared with untreated cells. Yellow kernel extracts was found to have higher phagocytic activity than white kernel extracts. Byunggo had the highest phagocytic activity. The results suggest that the Korean chestnut may provide a natural source of antioxidants and active immunity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.307-311
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify excellent immune-enhancing substance from Korean wheats(Eunpa, Gueru, Alchan, Topdong, Suwon 267, Gobun) compared with imported ones(Australian standard white, ASW; Dark northern spring, DNS). Phagocytic activities of PBS (phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4) and EA(ethanol-acetic acid) extracts from the wheats were determined using mouse macrophage J774 cell line. In order to set the optimal experimental condition up, the cultured cells were tested in varying experimental conditions. About two to five times higher phagocytic activity was shown in EA extract of Korean wheats compared to that of imported wheats. PBS extracts of wheats did not show increased phagocytic activity compared to control that did not add any extract. The EA extract of Gobun wheat showed the highest phagocytic activity. From the experiment we found that the optimal experimental condition was shown in two hours of reaction time and 0.05mg amout of EA extract added to J774 cells.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1998

Effects of swainsonine (SW: 8${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-indolizidine-1alpha, 2${\alpha}$, 8${\beta}$-triol from Locoweed) on the cellular and nonspecific immune responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) wer e studied in ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups (10mice/group), and LPS was given to each mouse 1 hr after i.p. injection with 3.7mg/kg of SW by i.p. injection twice a week for 14 days at a dose of 2mg/kg. Immune responses of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (s-RBC), phagocytic activity and natural killer (NK) cell activity were evaluated. LPS treatment didn`t affect NK cell activity, phagocytic activity, DTH to s-RBC compared with those in controls, and phagocytic activity of sareoma 180 tumor bearing mice. However, circulating leukocytes were significantly decreased. Combinaton of LPS and SW increased circulating leukocytes significantly compared vath that in LPS alone, and DTH to s-RBC, NK cell activity and phagocytic activities of normal and sarcoma tumor bearing mice were not affected. These findings indicate that SW didn`t affected the cellular immune responses suppressed by LPS but significantly increased circulating leukocytes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1995

Seungmagalgeuntang-gamibang has long been known to have anti-allergic effect. However, the mechanism of action of Seungmagalgeuntang-gamibang is not well investigated. The author analysed the effects of Seungmagalgeuntang-gamibang on the vascular permeability, delayed-type and contact hypersensitivities, and phagocytic function, the results obtained are as follows: 1. Administration of Seungmagalgeungtang-gamibang decreased the vascular permeability induced by serotonin in the mouse. 2. Administration of Seungmagalgeuntang-gamibang decreased the vascular permeability induced by histamine without statistical significant. 3. Administration of Seungmagalgeuntang-gamibang decreased the delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by sheep red blood cells. 4. Administration of Seungmagalgeungtang-gamibang decreased the contact hypersensitivity induced by dinitrochlorobenzene. 5. Seungmagalgeungtang-gamibang increased the phagocytic-activities of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. 6. Seungmagalgeungtang-gamibang enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen intermediates in vitro and in vivo. The above results demonstrate that Seungmagalgeuntang-gamibang suppresses the hypersensitivity reactions with increasing the phagocytic functions and formations of reactive oxygen intermediates from macrophages.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 1996

To examine the effectiveness of $\beta$-glucan in non-specific defence mecanisms of Korean catfish(Silurus asotus), the activities of peripheral neutrophils and serum lysozyme were evaluated after once or twice $\beta$-glucan injections. The number of peripheral neutrophils increased after the injection. The increased number in neutrophils in twice $\beta$-glucan injections maintained longer than in single glucan injecton. But the neutrophils did not showed any remarkable changes in PAS-positive reaction. Peripheral neutrophils from fish injected glucan had enhanced phagocytic activities but there was no significant difference in phagocytic index for the glucan and control groups. An elevation of lysozome activity was also observed in the fish received twice glucan but neither single glucan or physiological saline injection could not evoked an increase of lysozyme activity. These results suggest that $\beta$-glucan can enhance the resistance of Korean catfish against to bacteria infection through the activation of peripheral neutrophils and lysozyme.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 2009

Haemocyte characterization in the surf clam, Mectra veneriformis was carried out based on morphological, cytochemical, and phagocytic characteristics. The haemocytes were classified into two cell types, granulocytes and agranulocytes on the basis of presence of cytoplasmic granules. Granulocytes were then classified again into 2 types, large eosinophilic granulocytes and small eosinophilic granulocytes after staining with May-Grünwald Giemsa. In electron microscopy, both types of granulocytes contained electron-dense and electron-lucent cytoplasmic granules. Agranulocytes (hyalinocytes) were also divided into two cell types, large agranulocytes and small agranulocytes based on their sizes. Both cell types did not have granules in cytoplasm. Granulocyte and agranulocyte were negative for the enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, and $\beta$-glucuronidase but positive for phenoloxidase and acid phosphatase activities. Both types of haemocytes have phagocytic activity, with the exception of small agranulocyte, and granulocytes seemed more active in this respect than agranulocytes. This present study is the first study to characterize haemocytes of M. veneriformis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.326-336
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• 2021

Background: Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is critical for the binding and signaling of ligands that mediate inflammation. Extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases regulate posttranslational sulfation levels and patterns of HSPGs. In this study, extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases, sulfatase (Sulf)-1 and Sulf-2, were evaluated for their expression and function in inflammatory cells and tissues. Methods: Harvested human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, and murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β for the evaluation of Sulf-1 and Sulf-2 expression. Sulf expression in inflammatory cells was examined in the human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium by immunofluorescence staining. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were compared according to the expression state of Sulfs. Sulfs-knockdown macrophages and Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages were generated using small interfering RNAs and pcDNA3.1 plasmids for Sulf-1 and Sulf-2, respectively. Results: Lymphocytes and monocytes showed weak Sulf expression, which remained unaffected by IL-1β. However, peritoneal macrophages showed increased expression of Sulfs upon stimulation with IL-1β. In human RA synovium, two-colored double immunofluorescent staining of Sulfs and CD68 revealed active upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages of inflamed tissues, but not in lymphocytes of lymphoid follicles. Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were dependent on the level of Sulf expression, suppressed in Sulfs-knockdown macrophages, and enhanced in Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages occurs in response to inflammation, and Sulfs actively regulate the antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages as novel immune regulators.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 2004

The immunoenhancing effect of CLA isomers (CLA mixture, 10t-12c CLA, 9c-11c CLA, 9c-11c CLA, and 9t-11t CLA) on phagocytic activity of porcine peripheral blood leukocytes was examined. The phagocytic activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were analyzed by a flow cytometry system. The direct treatments of CLA isomers have no effect on phagocytosis of PMN as well as PBMC composed of approximately 10% monocytes and 90% lymphocytes. However, the phagocytic activities of PMN and monocyterich fraction from PBMC were remarkably enhanced by culture supernatant from PBMC treated with CLA mixture, 10t-12c CLA and 9c-11t CLA but not 9c-11c CLA and 9t-11t CLA. The phagocytic activity of PBMC was not enhanced by culture supernatant from PBMC treated with all CLA isomers. These results indicated that CLA isomers such as CLA mixture, l0t -12c CLA and 9c-11t CLA have an enhancing effect on phagocytosis of PMN and monocytes, which may be mediated through active humoral substances produced by CLA-stimulated PBMC. This study suggested that CLA stimulates PBMC to elaborate soluble factor(s), which may be an important mechanism for the enhancement of phagocytosis in non-specific immunity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2016

Crotamine is a peptide toxin found in the venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus and has antiproliferative, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. Herein, we show that crotamine dose-dependently induced macrophage phagocytic and cytostatic activity by the induction of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, the crotamineinduced expression of iNOS and TNF-α is mediated through the phosphorylation of p38 and the NF-κB signaling cascade in macrophages. Notably, pretreatment with SB203580 (a p38-specific inhibitor) or BAY 11-7082 (an NF-κB inhibitor) inhibited crotamine-induced NO production and macrophage phagocytic and cytotoxic activity. Our results show for the first time that crotamine stimulates macrophage phagocytic and cytostatic activity by induction of NO and TNF-α via the p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways and suggest that crotamine may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory disease.