• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.461-466
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• 1982

Lower and upper petiole segments of strawberry plants (Fragaria${\times}$ananassa) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2mg/liter Benzylamino purine (BA), 0.02mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or their coinbination. Of the lower petiole segments, 55% or more were differentiated on the media containing $2mg/{\ell}\;BA$ or $2mg/{\ell}\;BA+0.02mg/{\ell}\;2,4-D$. There was no significant difference in results be tween these treatments. BA did not influence root formation. No shoots we re initiated from the upper petiole segments. Root formation was stimulated by the $0.02mg/{\ell}\;2,4-D$ medium, whereas it inhibited shoot formation. Upper petiole segments produced more roots than did lower petiole segments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1113-1120
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• 2000

Productivity, nutrient contents, in vitro gas production and in sacco degradability of different fractions and whole OPF were determined to assess the feeding value of OPF as a ruminant feed. An in vivo digestibility trial was also carried out using goat. Freshly harvested OPF was randomly collected, partitioned and weighed. An OPF from 21 years older palm weighed 13.4 kg and the annual fresh matter yield of petiole, leaflet and midrib was 46.5, 11.8 and 3.4 ton/ha, respectively. Leaflet contained 439, 926, 698, 501, 168, 196, 748 and 52 (g/kg) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (CE), hemicellulose (HC), total carbohydrate (TC) and non fiber carbohydrate (NFC), respectively. Petiole contained lower (p<0.01) DM, CP and EE contents than leaflet. Organic matter, CE and TC contents were higher (p<0.01) in petiole compared to leaflet. Silica and lignin contents were highest (p<0.01) in midrib followed by leaflet, whole OPF and least in petiole. The Ca, P, Na, K and Mg contents (g/100 g DM) of leaflet were 0.529, 0.182, 0.039, 0.876, and 0.168, respectively. In vitro DM digestibility (g/100 g) at 48 h of leaflet, petiole and midrib was 32.7, 38.7 and 30.2, respectively. The in sacco DM degradation (g/100 g) at 48 h of leaflet was higher than that of whole OPF, petiole and midrib. The in vivo digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF of whole OPF was 52, 56, 43 and 26%, respectively. It can be concluded that leaflet is the most nutritious fraction of OPF and midrib is the least. The nutrient content and digestibility of the whole OPF showed that OPF could be an alternative roughage source for ruminant diets.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2015

To develop a technique for efficient management of fertility for cucumber in greenhouse, a quick test method to quantify nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) content in soil solution and leaf petiole juice using a simple instrument that are easy to use for farmers was investigated. N fertilizer (urea) was applied at 0, 50, 100 and 200% levels of the recommended application rate from 30 days after transplanting to harvest by soil fertigation treatments. Stable results were obtained from analysis of nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) using top $10^{th}$ or $11^{th}$ leaf petioles collected between 10 to 11 am in the morning. Under the semiforcing culture, $NO_3{^-}$ content of leaf petiole juice was highest at 60 days after transplanting (DAT) at all fertigation treatments. Appropriate $NO_3{^-}$content of leaf petiole juice was $2,418{\pm}78{\sim}2,668{\pm}118$ at 45 DAT, $3,032{\pm}90{\sim}3,332{\pm}63$ at 60 DAT, $2,709{\pm}50{\sim}3,158{\pm}155$ at 75 DAT, $2,535{\pm}49{\sim}2,907{\pm}83$ at 90 DAT, and $2,242{\pm}48mg\;L^{-1}$ at 105 DAT. In addition, appropriate $NO_3{^-}$ content of soil solution was $167{\pm}9{\sim}212{\pm}15$ at 45 DAT, $83{\pm}10{\sim}112{\pm}12$ at 60 DAT, $49{\pm}3{\sim}92{\pm}6$ at 75 DAT, $71{\pm}9{\sim}103{\pm}9$ at 90 DAT, and $73{\pm}9mg\;L^{-1}$ at 105 DAT. The cucumber yield at 100% N level of fertigation was $7,770kg\;10a^{-1}$ and no difference in yield was found at 200% N level of fertigation. However, there was 12% decrease in yield at 50% N fertigation and, 17% decrease at 0% N fertigation. Under retarding culture, $NO_3{^-}$ concentration of leaf petiole juice was highest at 55 days after transplanting (DAT) at all fertigation treatments. Appropriate $NO_3{^-}$ content of leaf petiole juice was $2,464{\pm}102{\sim}2,651{\pm}33$ at 45 DAT, $3,025{\pm}71{\sim}3,314{\pm}84$ at 55 DAT and $2,488{\pm}92mg\;L^{-1}$ at 65 DAT, respectively. Appropriate $NO_3{^-}$ content of soil solution was $111{\pm}10{\sim}155{\pm}14$ at 45 DAT, $93{\pm}7{\sim}147{\pm}14$ at 55 DAT, $67{\pm}4mg\;L^{-1}$at 65 DAT, respectively. The cucumber yield at 50% N fertigation was not different from $1,697kg\;10a^{-1}$ of 100% N fertigation level and even with that of the 200% N fertigation. However, there was 21% decrease in yield at 0% N fertigation.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2009

We report here a first evaluation of chilling-responsive gene regulation in the sweetpotato. The growth of sweetpotato plants was severely retarded at $12^{\circ}C$; the lengths of the leaf, petiole, and root were markedly reduced and microscopic observation revealed that the elongation growth of the epidermal cells in each of these organs was significantly reduced. We examined the transcriptional regulation of three sweetpotato expansin genes (IbEXP1, IbEXP2 and IbEXPL1) in response to various chilling temperatures (12, 16, 22, and $28^{\circ}C$). In the leaf and petiole, the highest transcript levels were those of IbEXP1 at $28^{\circ}C$, whereas IbEXPL1 transcript levels were highest in the root. IbEXP1 mRNA levels in the $12^{\circ}C-treated$ petiole showed a fluctuating pattern (transient decrease-recovery-stable decrease) for 48 h. In the leaf and petiole, IbEXP1 and IbEXPL1 exhibited a similar response to chilling in that their mRNA levels decreased at $22^{\circ}C$, increased at $16^{\circ}C$, and decreased dramatically at $12^{\circ}C$. In contrast, mRNA levels of IbEXP2 in the leaf fell gradually as the temperature fell from 28 to $12^{\circ}C$, while they remained unaltered in the petiole. In the root, mRNA levels of IbEXPL1 and IbEXP1 reached maximum levels at $16^{\circ}C$, and decreased significantly at $12^{\circ}C$. These data demonstrated that expression of these three expansin genes was ultimately down-regulated at $12^{\circ}C$; however, transcriptional regulation of each expansin gene exhibited its own distinctive pattern in response to various chilling temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2023

The Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata, which are said to be relatively drought tolerant among the important genus Quercus that represent deciduous broad-leaved forests in Korea. These two species are widely distributed worldwide in Korea, Japan and China (northern, central, western and eastern subtropical regions). This study compared the ecological niche breadth and overlap according to growth response in 4 soil moisture gradients for the two species and tried to reveal degree of competition and ecological niche characteristics. The ecological niche breadth was 0.977±0.020 for Q. variabilis and 0.979±0.014 for Q. dentata, the latter being slightly wider. And they were similar in 5 traits (stem length, leaf lamina length, leaf width length, stem weight, leaf petiole weight), Q. variabilis was more dominant in 4 traits (leaves number, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf petiole length), and Q. dentata was more dominant in 7 traits (root length, shoot length, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight, leaf weight, leaf petiole weight). The ecological niche overlap for soil moisture between the two species overlapped most in plant structure-related traits and least in photosynthetic organ-related traits such as petiole length. As a result of principal component analysis, degree of competition between the two species for soil moisture was more severe when the soil moisture condition was low than high. Among the measured traits that affect the two-dimensional distribution, 8 traits (Leaves number, Shoot length, Stem length, Plant weight, Root weight, Shoot weight, Stem weight, Leaves weight) were correlated with the factor 1, and 2 traits (Leaf width length, Leaf petiole weight) were correlated with the factor 2 (r>0.5). These results show that the ecological response of the two species to soil moisture is not a few traits involved, but several traits are involved simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the physicochemical quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of water extracts ($20^{\circ}C$ and $95^{\circ}C$) against different parts (leaf and petiole) from Wasabia japonica (wasabi). Water extracts were divided into six types of wasabi powders: leaf hot air dried (LD), petiole hot air dried (PD), whole (leaf+petiole) hot air dried (WD), leaf steamed and hot air dried (LSD), petiole steamed and hot air dried (PSD), and whole steamed and hot air dried (WSD). Turbidity was higher in wasabi $20^{\circ}C$ water extracts than in $95^{\circ}C$ hot water extracts. Browning degree was higher in wasabi leaf extracts than in petiole extracts. The pH of hot water extraction was lower than that of room temperature extraction. Wasabi extracts did not show much difference in Hunter's color values according to extraction temperature, expected that b value of yellowness was significantly higher in leaf extracts than in petiole extracts. Carbazole pectin contents of leaf extracts were significantly higher than in petiole extracts, however water soluble pectin was higher in petiole extracts. The total polyphenol contents of LD20 and LD95 were 1,561.43 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g and 1,163.02 mg GAE/100 g, respectively, and total polyphenols decreased during hot water extraction. Extracts from different parts of wasabi showed a significant difference in total flavonoid contents. Total flavonoid contents of LD20, LD95, PD20, and PD95 were 554.44 mg/100 g, 396.65 mg/100 g, 55.42 mg/100 g, and 47.68 mg/100 g, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, LD95 extract showed significantly higher values than other samples in terms of color, flavor, taste, mouth feeling, and overall acceptability. In the analysis of sourness, saltiness, umami, sweetness, and bitterness taste by an electronic tongue, the sourness values of LD20 and PSD95, saltiness values of WSD20 and WSD95, and umami values of PD20 and PD95 were significantly higher than other extracts. The results of this study suggest that wasabi leaf and petiole extracts enhance qualities and antioxidant activities when used different parts together.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2006

An efficient plant regeneration of C. asiatica was achieved from organogenesis using petiole explants of in vitro plantlet on MS basal medium controled with different plant growth regulators (NAA,2,4-D, IAA kinetin, and BA). Best results that 50%, efficiency of regeneration per explant for regeneration were obtained with IAA $17.13\;{\mu}M$ and BA $8.9\;{\mu}M$. Formation of adventitious shoots via organogenesis from the petiole explant was verified by histological sectioning of plantlets. Regenerated plants were transplanted into soil.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 1983

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of kinetin and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the rate of growth, the contents of RNA, DNA, and protein. And also the effect of plant growth regulator on isoperoxidases in callus derived from root (root-callus) and petiole (petiolecallus) was investigated. The rate of growth in petiole-callus was higher than the rootcallus at 0.1 mg/l kinetin and 1mgfl 2,4-D. At 1mgll kinetic, the rate of growth increased, but at high concentration the rate of growth decreased fast. The contents of RNA, DNA and protein also increased, but it did not coincide with the increase of the growth rate of callus. The isoperoxidases of callus grown at various amounts of 2,4-D and kinetic occurred in an almost fashion, but those of root-callus appeared different from those of petiole-callus.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.397-402
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• 1994

Possible roles of polyamines in the inhibition of cell elongation in Ranunculus petioles were investigated. Exogenously apoplied polyamines greatly inhibited the auxin-induced petiole growth, while treatment of the tissue with $\alpha$-difluoromethylarginine, the inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis, further enhanced the growth in the presence of IAA. Inhibitory effect of spermine can also be apparent for fusicoccin-induced elongation, but not for growth induced by a low pH. Spermine also suppressed the ethylene-enhanced growth in the presence of auxin. Using computer-based video digitizer system, the inhibitory effects of spermine on petiole growth were kinetically analyzed. Auxin-induced growth was characterized by an initial and transient growth with a highly elevated rate followed by a steady growth with a slightly reduced rate. Spermine treatment was found to shorten the duration of the initial phase of growth, and to reduce the rates of both the initial and steady growth as well. The latent period for auxin induction was not affected by spermine.

• Plant Resources
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2001

The effect of carbenicillin on the dedifferentiation and the regeneration efficiency of plant tissues of horseradish(Armoracia rusticana) was evaluated, Inhibition effect for callus initiation was observed when leaf blade, root and petiole segments were grown on MS medium containing 500 mg/L to 2000 mg/L carbenicillin and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The regeneration of horseradish shoots from leaf blade, root and petiole explants were decreased as the addition of carbenicillin increased from 1000 mg/L to 2000 mg/L in MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin. Especially, 500 mg/L carbenicillin treatment significantly inhibited shoot induction when leaf blade explants were grown on hormone-free MS medium. It was suggested that the toxic effects of combinations of carbenicillin and 2,4-D may be due to high auxin activity levels.