• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

Pest control is required for protecting the food supply and for controlling disease vectors. Unfortunately, there is no perfectly safe form of pest control. Pesticides are commonly used for pest control. Pesticides are defined under the US Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA) as any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or dessicant(40 CFR Part 152). Currently in the United States, there are 890 active ingredients registered as pesticides. Approximately one billion pounds of active ingredient are used in the US per year. Unlike most chemicals(anti-neoplastic and anti-micobial medications are the principal exceptions), pesticides are specifically designed to kill and cause harm. Because society allows these chemicals to be disseminated into the environment, it is important to monitor the health effects associated with these releases. This represents an important justification for establishing and maintaining surveillance systems for acute pesticide-related illness and injury. A comprehensive, national surveillance system for acute pesticide-related illness and injury does not currently exist in the US. Although the United States has several surveillance systems for this condition, none provide a complete understanding of the problem of acute pesticide-related illness and injury. The Toxic Exposure Surveillance System(TESS) and Bureau of Labor Statisitics(BLS) are useful for assessing magnitude and trends. The state-based surveillance systems are more useful for timely identification of outbreaks and emerging problems. Efforts are underway to increase the number of states that conduct surveillance, and to broaden the use of the standardized case definition to facilitate aggregation of data across states. Through such efforts, a comprehensive, national surveillance system may be attainable.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.345-347
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of insecticides on control of Spodoptera exigua, growth characteristics, and dry root yield in the cultivation of Alisma plantago after early maturing rice cropping. All pesticides treated had no effect on growth and flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major insecticides were teflubenzuron Wp, 5%, tebufenozide Wp, 8%, iufenuron Ec, 5%, and tebufenozide Wp, 5%. Dry root yield were increased largely with tebufenozide Wp, 5%(20 g/20 l), insecticide than the other insecticides and no control. All insecticides had no injury with standard dosage. On the other hand, all insecticides had slight injury in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.17-19
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pesticides on insect pest control of Rhophalosiphum nymphaeae, growth characteristies and dry root yield from the cultivated after early maturing rice cropping. All pesticides treated had no effect on the growh period, flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major pesticides were methomyl-Lf, 24.1 %, imidacloprid-Wp, 10%, carbosulfan-Wp, 20%, and methomyl-Wp, 45%. Dry yield of root were increased largely with imidacloprid-Wp, 10% (10g/20$\ell$), pesticide than the other pesticides and control. All pesticides were had no injury with recommended concentration. On the other hand all pesticides were slightly harmful in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.500-502
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• 2011

'Dream Pink', a cultivar of Gypsophila paniculata was newly developed for cut flowers by Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services. It has morphological characteristics of the intermediate plant type, double florets with many petal and two pistils, emarginate petal tip and campanulate calyx shape. Also 'Dream Pink' had several other traits such as strong flower stalk, deep pink flower color, resistance to powdery mildew and pest injury. Furthermore, 'Dream Pink' produced higher number of nodes, primary branches, longer flower stalk length with long intermodal length. In subalpine area, 'Dream Pink' cultivar showed narrow branching angle as compare to 'My Pink', during the summer cultivation. Blooming in 'Dream Pink' was delayed by 5 days, its florets were broader with more number of petals as compare to 'My Pink'.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.3 s.52
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• pp.163-166
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• 1982

The pine needle gall midge, Therodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye, is the most important insect pest. It requires two different habitats for the development; on trees and under the ground. The habitat specific mortality rates ere $30\~40\%,\;and\;50\~60\%$ for the respective habitats. The key developmental stage is the prepupa, and the key mortality factor is the moisture contents of the soil and its variability. Since the insect is an exotic, the population status is the periphery and in the source of infestation are considerably different. Such a difference in habitats and the population status of the insect should be considered in relation to suppression of the insect. The control strategies should be directional and rational based on the reality of the pest status. There have been substantial information on the control methods of the pine needle gall midge, and each control method has an important place, but none has always provided a satisfactory solution to the many problems associated by this insect. These methods should be applied to a system based on the ecology of the insect. There should be continued support for directed effort on the development of operational management systems for the insect: specifically, estmation of the critical economic injury level, and of the absolute density of the insect.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.255-259
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pesticides on insect pest control of Aphides, growth characteristies and dry root yield from the cultivated after early maturing rice cropping. All pesticides treated had no effect on the growth period, flowering rate of Alisma plantago. The major pesticides were Methomyl-Lf, 24.1%., Imidacloprid-Wp, 10%., Car-bosulfan-Wp, 20%, and Methomyl-Wp,45%. Dry yield of root were increased largely with Imidacloprid-Wp, 10%(10g/20 ι), pesticide than the other pesticides and no control. All pesticides were had no injury with recommended concentration. On the other hand all pesticides were slightly harmful in the double dosage level for the Alisma plantago.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2012

This study was conducted to assess damage to the welsh onion by Acrolepiopsis sapporensis Mastumura (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) during the summer season, and to estimate the economic injury level (EIL) which results, providing basic data for pest management. The adult peaks of A. sapporensis in Suwon were observed in March, April, May, and September of 2009 and 2010 through the use of pheromone traps. The feeding of A. sapporensis results in white lines on the surface, and holes within welsh onions. During the entire larval period, one larva was able to damage 1.6 leaves and punch 11.9 holes, resulting in a total damaged leaf area of $1,321.6mm^2$. Through cage experiments and larval releases, a reduction of the mean number of leaves, increased percentage of leaf damage, and reduction in gross weight and marketable weight were observed. We could obtain a regression equation that showed a clear positive correlation between pest density and percentage of damaged leaf. Using this equation, the EIL of A. sapporensis on welsh onion was calculated to one larva per 10 plants based on 7% leaf damage observed for welsh onion.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to survey structures and growth conditions of Pinus densiflora village groves, and to establish management strategies for their desirable growth and conservation. Twelve village groves were selected in western Gangwon province for the study. The age of the study groves ranged from 50 to 200 years. Average dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of trees for each study grove were 27~52cm and 0.5~9.3 trees/$100m^2$, respectively. Soil environments were favorable to Pinus densiflora growth in the majority of the study groves, but 2 study groves with sandy soils showed considerably poor nutrient contents. Low tree vitality was found in some of the study groves due to poor conditions of root growth from soil fill and trampling. There were detachment of cambial tissue and damage of stem cavity at 6 study groves, which were caused by artificial injury, careless pruning, and frost damage. Light disease damage by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii and phomopsis blight were found at 6 study groves. Light pest damage by Thecodiplosis japonensis was also found at 6 study groves, but the pest damage at 2 study groves was relatively considerable. Thus, major factors limiting normal growth of Pinus densiflora village groves were infertility, soil fill and trampling, stem damage, and disease and pest. Desirable management strategies were explored to solve growth-related problems and to conserve the study groves. The management strategies included fertilization of organic matter and lime, removal of soil fill, soil plowing and graveling, wood-trail installation or woodchip mulching, supply of wood fences and protective frames, surgical operation for damaged stems, vitality enhancement, and trunk injection to improve growth environments or control stem damage and disease/pest.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.1 s.138
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• pp.73-90
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• 2005

Although the history of IPM can be traced back to the late 19th century, when ecology was identified as the foundation for scientific plant protection, it has been more than thirty years since first enunciation. Since than, the concept of IPM has evolved in multiple paths not only in entomology but in plant pathology and in weed science, and the philosophy has become a firm foundation to the science of plant protection. The IPM concept has gained wide general acceptance, however, because of the many-facet aspects, there has been some controversy and/or misunderstanding by the students and practitioners. In this paper, I was tried to review the concepts of IPM and to resolve the contradiction between the philosophy and practical techniques. On this line, the historical background and the concept of economic injury level, which is the foundation of the concepts, are reviewed and discussed the sampling techniques and the population dynamics of single pest, which were basic to the rational and effective application of the management techniques. IPM is not a science per se but it is a technique and it should be applicable to the real conditions. For this purpose, the information on the pests should be transferred to the producers as fast as possible. From such, some of my own opinion is presented in relation to current systems of the pest occurrence forecasting.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.681-684
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• 2014

Hymenoptera stings can cause serious injury to humans. We report the clinical findings of 6 cases of Hymenoptera stings. All patients developed painful erythematous papules at the sting sites and had a past history of parasitoid wasp sting. This is the first clinical report of the parasitoid wasp, Cephalonomia gallicola, causing human stings in Korea.