• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare serum amyloid A (SAA) protein levels with high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels as markers of systemic inflammation in patients with chronic periodontitis. The association of serum titers of antibodies to periodontal microbiota and SAA/hs-CRP levels in periodontitis patients was also studied. Methods: A total of 110 individuals were included in this study. Patients were assessed for levels of hs-CRP and SAA. Nonfasting blood samples were collected from participants at the time of clinical examination. The diagnosis of adipose tissue disorders was made according to previously defined criteria. To determine SAA levels, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized. Paper points were transferred to a sterile tube to obtain a pool of samples for polymerase chain reaction processing and the identification of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia. The serum level of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and T. forsythia was also determined. Results: SAA and hs-CRP levels were higher in periodontitis patients than in controls (P<0.05). In bivariate analysis, high levels of hs-CRP (>3 mg/L) and SAA (>10 mg/L) were significantly associated with chronic periodontitis (P=0.004). The Spearman correlation analysis between acute-phase proteins showed that SAA positively correlated with hs-CRP (r=0.218, P=0.02). In the adjusted model, chronic periodontitis was associated with high levels of SAA (odds ratio [OR], 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-18.2; P=0.005) and elevated hs-CRP levels (OR, 6.1, 95% CI, 1.6-23.6; P=0.008). Increased levels of serum IgG2 antibodies to P. gingivalis were associated with high levels of SAA (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-8.5; P=0.005) and high concentrations of hs-CRP (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.9-9.8; P<0.001). Conclusions: SAA and hs-CRP concentrations in patients with chronic periodontitis are comparably elevated. High serum titers of antibodies to P. gingivalis and the presence of periodontal disease are independently related to high SAA and hs-CRP levels.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2019

Background: Sleep disorder is a precursor to depression, which is one of the psychological factors associated with periodontal disease that, in turn, affects general and periodontal health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration, depression, and periodontitis in older people aged over 65 years. Methods: A total of 2,002 older adults aged 65 years or older were included in the study. Their general and health aspects, including smoking, drinking, diabetes, hypertension, and depression, were investigated. Periodontitis was examined using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Data were analyzed through a complex sampling design method. Frequency and crossover analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between depression and periodontitis. To investigate the effect of depression on periodontitis, a logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Regarding depression and participants' general characteristics, statistically significant differences were found in sex, economic activity, smoking habit, and CPI (p<0.05). In the presence of depression, the odds ratio for periodontitis was 1.84, and the adjusted odds ratio for age, sex, economic activity, residence type, household income, education level, smoking habit, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes was 1.72, representing a significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study examined the relationship between depression and periodontitis in older persons and confirmed a significant correlation. As the population of older adults increases, we should pay attention to their mental and oral health as well as systemic diseases. Various programs for the health promotion of older persons need to be implemented to improve the quality of life of older people.

• Oral Biology Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.228-234
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the condition of supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) in implant patients and the effect of SPT on implant long-term survival. Implants placed at the Dept. of Periodontology, Chonnam National University Dental Hospital over a 5-year period, were traced for up to 8 years. Patients who had visited the hospital at least once a year were defined as regular SPT, and patients who were treated by active periodontal therapy were defined as patients with periodontitis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed based on the observation periods, and the effect of SPT and history of periodontitis on implant survival assessed by chisquare test. A total of 183 patients (age: 21-91, 98 males and 85 females), and 508 implants were used for this study. Three hundred eight implants were under SPT and 87 implants was under regular SPT. For the patients with periodontitis 136 implants were placed. The 5-year survival rate was 94.8%. The overall survival rate in patients who received SPT was 97.1% and 91.0% for those who did not (p=0.004). The survival rate in patients who received regular SPT was 97.7%, and 96.8% for patients received irregular SPT. The survival rate was 93.4% in patients with periodontitis and 95.2% in patients without periodontitis. Among patients with periodontitis, the survival rate was 100.0% in patients who received regular SPT and 89.2% for irregular SPT (p=0.012). These results suggest that regular SPT improves implant survival rate and is more effective in patients with periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.163-178
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• 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical factors affecting the longevity of fixed retainers and the influence of fixed retainers on periodontal health in periodontitis patients. Methods: In total, 52 patients with at least 2 years of follow-up after periodontal and orthodontic treatment were included in this study. After scaling and root planing, orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances or clear aligners was performed. Fixed retainers with twist-flex stainless steel wires were bonded to the palatal or lingual sides of anterior teeth. Changes in clinical parameters, including the plaque index, gingival index, calculus index (CI), probing pocket depth, and radiographic bone levels, were evaluated before bonding of fixed retainers and at a 12-month follow-up. Cumulative survival rates (CSRs) for retainer failure were evaluated according to sex, site, CI, stage of periodontitis, and the severity of the irregularity with the log-rank test and hazard ratios (HRs). Results: Twelve months after bonding of fixed retainers, improvements were observed in all clinical parameters except CI and radiographic bone gain. The overall CSR of the retainers with a CI <1 at the 12-month follow-up after bonding of fixed retainers was significantly higher than that of the retainers with a CI ≥1 at the 12-month follow-up (log-rank test; P<0.001). Patients with stage III (grade B or C) periodontitis had a higher multivariate HR for retainer failure (5.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-23.91; P=0.026) than patients with stage I (grade A or B) periodontitis. Conclusions: Although fixed retainers were bonded in periodontitis patients, periodontal health was well maintained if supportive periodontal treatment with repeated oral hygiene education was provided. Nonetheless, fixed retainer failure occurred more frequently in patients who had stage III (grade B or C) periodontitis or a CI ≥1 at 12-month follow-up after bonding of fixed retainers.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.394-410
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the microbial composition of 3 types of oral samples through 16S metagenomic sequencing to determine how to resolve some sampling issues that occur during the collection of sub-gingival plaque samples. Methods: In total, 20 subjects were recruited. In both the healthy and periodontitis groups, samples of saliva and supra-gingival plaque were collected. Additionally, in the periodontitis group, sub-gingival plaque samples were collected from the deepest periodontal pocket. After DNA extraction from each sample, polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed on the V3-V4 hypervariable region on the 16S rRNA gene, followed by metagenomic sequencing and a bioinformatics analysis. Results: When comparing the healthy and periodontitis groups in terms of alpha-diversity, the saliva samples demonstrated much more substantial differences in bacterial diversity than the supra-gingival plaque samples. Moreover, in a comparison between the samples in the case group, the diversity score of the saliva samples was higher than that of the supra-gingival plaque samples, and it was similar to that of the sub-gingival plaque samples. In the beta-diversity analysis, the sub-gingival plaque samples exhibited a clustering pattern similar to that of the periodontitis group. Bacterial relative abundance analysis at the species level indicated lower relative frequencies of bacteria in the healthy group than in the periodontitis group. A statistically significant difference in frequency was observed in the saliva samples for specific pathogenic species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia). The saliva samples exhibited a similar relative richness of bacterial communities to that of sub-gingival plaque samples. Conclusions: In this 16S oral microbiome study, we confirmed that saliva samples had a microbial composition that was more similar to that of sub-gingival plaque samples than to that of supra-gingival plaque samples within the periodontitis group.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2024

Background: Particulate matter (PM) has been extensively observed due to its negative association with human health. Previous research revealed the possible negative effect of air pollutant exposure on oral health. However, the predictive model between air pollutant exposure and the prevalence of periodontitis has not been observed yet. Therefore, this study aims to propose a predictive model for the number of patients with periodontitis exposed to PM and atmospheric factors in South Korea using deep learning. Methods: This study is a retrospective cohort study utilizing secondary data from the Korean Statistical Information Service and the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database for air pollution and the number of patients with periodontitis, respectively. Data from 2015 to 2022 were collected and consolidated every month, organized by region. Following data matching and management, the deep neural networks (DNN) model was applied, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value was calculated to ensure the accuracy of the model. Results: As we evaluated the DNN model with MAPE, the multivariate model of air pollution including exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and other atmospheric factors predict approximately 85% of the number of patients with periodontitis. The MAPE value ranged from 12.85 to 17.10 (mean±standard deviation=14.12±1.30), indicating a commendable level of accuracy. Conclusion: In this study, the predictive model for the number of patients with periodontitis is developed based on air pollution, including exposure to PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and other atmospheric factors. Additionally, various relevant factors are incorporated into the developed predictive model to elucidate specific causal relationships. It is anticipated that future research will lead to the development of a more accurate model for predicting the number of patients with periodontitis.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.758-767
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• 2019

The classification of periodontal disease in 1999 has been widely used for determining a diagnosis, establishing a treatment plan, and evaluating the prognosis of the patient with periodontal disease. However, scientific evidence from many studies indicates the need for a new classification system for periodontal and peri-implant disease. Summary at 2017 world workshop as follows: 1) Periodontal health and peri-implant health was defined; 2) Chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis were unified as periodontitis; 3) Periodontitis was further classified by staging and grading to reflect disease severity and management complexity, rate of disease progression, respectively; 4) Periodontal disease as manifestation of systemic disease is based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-10 (ICD-10) code; 5) Periodontal biotype and biologic width was replaced to periodontal phenotype and supracrestal tissue attachment, respectively; 6) The excessive occlusal force was replaced by a traumatic occlusal force; 7) ≥3 mm of radiographic bone loss, ≥6 mm of pocket probing depth and bleeding on probing indicates peri-implantitis in the absence of radiograph at final prosthesis delivery.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2016

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, which destroys the connective tissue and the alveolar bone. Recently, it has been suggested that the effect of natural substances could be induced into an anti-inflammatory environment. However, the effect of Safflower seed extract (SAF-M) associated with periodontitis has not been investigated yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of SAF-M. Cytotoxicity was assessed through MTS analysis using hGF and hPDL cells. Periodontitis was induced by injecting LPS into gingival tissue on the maxillary molars of rats ($45{\mu}g$ LPS/one time, 3 times a week for 3 weeks). SAF-M was administered daily at 30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Alveolar bone resorption was evaluated through the micro-CT. hGF and hPDL cells showed differential cytotoxicity in response to SAF-M at 5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml concentrations. Micro-CT showed reduction of the alveolar bone resorption in the SAF-M treatment group. These results suggested that SAF-M is a potential therapeutic agent for periodontitis.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.145-151
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• 2010

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disorder of the periodontium and is characterized by destruction of the tooth supporting tissues, mediated by the upregulation of synthesis and release of a variety of pro-inflammatory factors. Inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins upregulate RANKL and its subsequent binding to RANK stimulates osteoclast formation, resorption activity, and survival. In our present study, we investigated the effects of HP08-0111, composed of Coptis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, vitamin C and vitamin E, upon inflammatory responses, osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone loss. HP08-0111 decreased the expression of IL-1$\beta$ and COX2 on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and inhibited osteoclast-specific genes such as c-Fos, MMP-9, and TRAP. HP08-0111 also exhibited protective effects against alveolar bone loss in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. Our results suggest that HP08-0111 is potentially an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of disorders associated with bone loss such as periodontitis.

• Oral Biology Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.216-221
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes of active periodontal therapy (APT) and supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) through loss of teeth in the Korean patients with aggressive periodontitis. The number of missing and residual teeth, probing pocket depth were examined in 33 patients diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis at the baseline and who had participated in APT and SPT for 3 years or more. A 20 and 3 teeth were lost during the APT and SPT, respectively. The mean tooth loss rate of 0.13 per patient and year. There was no significant statistical difference in clinical improvement between the smoker and non-smoker groups. Within the limitation of this study, APT combined with supportive therapy could decrease the risk of tooth loss in patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis.