• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.318-325
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• 1998

To investigate changes in protein and total lipid contents, seed storage protein pattern, and fatty acid composition of germination perilla(Perilla frutescens) seeds. Also, the corresponding value components in cotyledons, hypocotyles and roots were measured according to germination stage. The results were summarized as follows ; During germination, pertein and total lipid contents of Yepsilldalggae and Kwangyang cultivar were decreased continuously. In particular, protein contents rapidly decreased to the 3 days after germination(DAG), and then total lipid contents rapidly decreased between 3 DAG and 10 DAG. In changes of protein and total lipid contents of cotyledons, protein contents of Yeupsildalggae was increased during the germination, but Kwangyang cultivar was decreased during the same periods. The total lipids contents of Yeupsildalggae and Kwangyang cultivar were decreased during the germination. According to SDS-PAGE analysis, there was no detectible polypeptide bands on the gel before seed germination suggesting that this may be due to the rapid degradation of the storage proteins in the mature seed by hydrolyttic enzymes during the stage. During germinatation , the polypeptide band with 27$\sim$28KD of Yeupsildalggae and Kwangyang cultivar were accumulated gradually. In changes of fatty acid composition of total lipid of Yeupsildalggae and Kwangyang cultivar , saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid increased during the germination. On the other hand, unsaturated fatty acid such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased during the same periods. However, oleic acid increased to the 5 DAG, and then was repidly decreased.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2012

This study examined radiation detection properties of imported perilla seeds, almonds, and soybeans. Food samples were irradiated at doses of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kGy and analyzed by photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL), thermoluminescence (TL), and electron spin resonance (ESR). The results of PSL showed that photon counts of irradiated perilla seeds and soybeans were $32,959counts{\cdot}60sec^{-1}$ and $7,234counts{\cdot}60sec^{-1}$, respectively, at an irradiation dose of 0.5 kGy, and the photon count of irradiated almonds was $5,581counts{\cdot}60sec^{-1}$ at an irradiation dose of 1 kGy. The results of TL showed that this technique is useful for detecting irradiated samples; the TL ratios ($TL_1/TL_2$) measured for the food samples at an irradiation dose of 0.5 kGy were 0.2301 for perilla seeds, 0.4595 for almonds, and 0.4827 for soy beans. Lastly, results of ESR spectroscopy for only soybeans revealed specific signals derived from free radicals captured in the cellulose. In conclusion, PSL, TL, and ESR methods can be used for the detection of gamma-irradiated soybean samples, whereas gamma-irradiated perilla seeds and almonds can be confirmed by a serial detection with a TL method after PSL.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 1997

Vegetable perilla, "Ipdlkkae 1"(Perilla frutescens var japonica Hara), was tested about the flowering and maturing responce in summer and winter. In summer season, it was researched about those responses according to the change of seeding date from May 15th to Oct. 15th at one month interval in the field. "Ipdlkkae 1" flowered Oct. 2nd under the day length of eleven hours and fourty-one minutes, compared with Sep. 6th (day length of twelve hours and fourty-three minutes) of "Yepsildlggae". And those responses showed that vegetable perilla was have to seeded before July 15th for two reason. The first is a unique response of perilla to day length. If perilla stay under short-day condition for some days, perilla will flower after four weeks. The second is a weather, especially frost and cold. In the test of latest seeding at Oct. 15th, the plants flowered more late than normal flowering period and they were not able to mature for frost of early winter. And this result showed that any other species, which has the characteristic of later flowering than that of "Ipdlkkae 1", could not able to mature in the field. In winter time, this species was tested about the same responses according to the change of short-day treatments. In the case of the test from May 1st (above fourteen hours day length), even if the test plants were stayed under short-day condition for more than 10 days, they were not able to mature, but flowerd. From the test of Apr. 15th, day length of thirteen hours, the plants were showed variable reaction to the short-day treatment. In this test, 11days for short-day treatment was a basic day to decide whether flowering was delayed or not. In the test from Apr. 1st, perilla seeds were able to harvest at least 5 days short-day treatment. In the final test from Mar. 15th, it had no need to take short-day treatment for harvesting of normal seeds, because the day length of that are twelve hours, which is an enough time to induce flowering and maturing, previously reported.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 1993

In order to explore the brassinosteroid-active component in Perilla frutescense, methanol extract of immature seeds was purified by sequences of solvent fractionation, silica gel adsorption chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, charcoal adsorption chromatography and Bondesil chromatography. The activity of brassinosteroid was monitored by the rice inclination test and its presence could be confirmed in each purification step. The purified active components were seperated by silica gel adsorption chromatography. The seperated main and minor active brassinosteroid fractions were identified as castasterone and homobrassinolide, respectively, by HPLC. We acknowledge that our work is probably the first report of endogenous brassinosteroid in Perilla frutescense. The content of brassinosteroid in Perilla frutescense as converted into brassinolide was $0.5{\sim}0.8\;ng/g$ fresh weight.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2001

An ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase gene which is involved in de novo synthesis of -Iinolenate was isolated from cDNA library of Perilla frutescens. A cDNA library was constructed with mRNA extracted from perilla seeds of 12 DAF. The cDNA clone consisting of 1317-bp open reading frame encoding 438 amino acids with a relative MW of 50kDa, was isolated and showed 65-83% similarities to other known genes. This cDNA is deduced to encode a plastidal ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase based on the fact that it has higher homology to plastidal ones than to microsomal ones and its N-terminal sequence shares several characteristics of transit peptides of chloroplast proteins. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that more than one gene or alleles for ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase are present in the genome of perilla. Northern blot analysis showed that the ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid desaturase gene is mainly revealed in early developing seeds and has different expression patterns depending on tissue types compared to the microsomal ones.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 2002

This study was carried out to observe changes in several detection factors derived from thermoluminescence (TL) of minerals separated from irradiated Korean perilla and sesame seeds during storage under normal room and darkroom conditions. The TL intensities of the first glow curves increased from 0 to 5 kGy but only slightly increase from 5 to 10 kGy. Maximum TL temperatures of the first glow curves in all irradiated samples were around 20$0^{\circ}C$, ranging from 150 to 25$0^{\circ}C$. Since the control (0 day of storage) glow curve ratios of G3 and G4, calculated from re-irradiated (1 kGy) sample were over 0.5, detection of irradiation was possible. However, because Gl ratios were below 0.1, they were classified as non-irradiated. There was n unique first glow curve shape that could be clearly seen in all irradiated samples, regardless of storage conditions, that was never seen in non-irradiated samples. In all samples, the maximum TL temperatures and shape of the second glow curve was in a lower temperature range than that of the first glow curve. Therefore, detection of irradiated Korean perilla and sesame seeds was possible fur up to 3 months after irradiation, regardless of storage conditions, by examining several TL detection factors; including TL intensity, glow curve ratios maximum TL temperatures, and the shapes of glow curves.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 1982

Experiments were carried out in order to compare the natural antioxidants in the acetonitril extracts of raw and baked seeds of Korean sesame and perilla by thin layer and gas chromatography. The sample was dissolved in n-pentane and extracted with acetonitril and the acetonitril extract was separated by thin layer chromatography using silica gel. The spots were detected by spraying with 2, 6 -dichloroquinone -4-chlorimide, phosphomolybdic acid and dimethylamine as chromogenic reagents. Natural antioxidant, such as ${\delta}-tocopherol$ detected in raw and baked sesame and perilla seed oil by TLC and sesamol was detected only in raw and baked sesame seed oil by GC.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.330-338
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• 2012

During 10 days germination of perilla seeds for sprouts preparation, the changes of proximate composition and antioxidant activities were monitored, and the inhibitory effect of sprouts extracts on perilla oil oxidation was also studied. The moisture content in seeds(2.9%) was increased to 9.2% in sprouts at 10 days while crude ash content wasn't significantly. The crude fat and protein contents were reduced from 46.8% and 20.7% in seeds to 18.2% and 18.3% in sprouts, respectively, but reducing sugar and fiber contents increased from 2.2% and 14.8% to 12.8% and 22.4%, respectively. Compared with perilla leaf, sprouts at 10 days contained more fat, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, and fiber while less moisture, ash, and protein. Antioxidant activities during germination were increased and reached to maximum at 8 days in which Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity(TEAC) based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging were 133.1 and 136.8 Trolox eq. mmol/kg, respectively, and ferric ion reducing power(FRAP) was 399.3 Fe(II) eq. mmol/kg. Polyphenol content(19.2 g/kg) was maximum at this stage, too. Perilla leaf showed similar TEAC but higher FRAP than the sprouts. When methanol extract of sprouts at 8 days was added to perilla oil, the oil oxidation was delayed in dose dependent manner. The induction time for oxidation was extended about 2.8 times by adding 2.5%(w/w) extract, that is, from 1.67 hr(control) to 4.62 hr. This induction time corresponded to 38% level of that of perilla oil containing 2.5% BHT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 2001

To study effect of non-fat components present in plant seeds on lipid metabolism, defatted safflower and perilla seed powders were used in high cholesterol diets for ovariectomized (ovx) female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 227$\pm$15g. Experimental groups were six as follows; normal group without ovariectomy and cholesterol-free diet, sham and ovx-control groups with high cholesterol and cellulose for dietary fiber, ovx-est group with the same diet as ovx-control but with eight subcutaneous injections of 50$\mu\textrm{g}$ 17$\beta$-estradiol. ovx-safflower and ovx-perilla with 29% and 16% (w/w) of each defatted powder in high cholesterol diets at the expense of cellulose. Weight gains were lower in normal and sham groups and food efficiencies were lower in normal,ovx-est and ovx-safflower groups compared with ovx-control. Uterus weights were dramatically reduced by ovariectomy but restored completely by 17$\beta$-estradiol and partially (~5%) by defatted safflower. Plasma levels of total cholesterol were not different among ovx-control, sham, vx-est and ovx-safflower groups (90.8~95.1 mg/dL) but that was lower in ovx-perilla (80.4$\pm$6.2 mg/dL). Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were lower in sham (76.6$\pm$7.0 mg/dL) and ovx-perilla (79.2$\pm$5.8 mg/dL) groups. Liver cholesterol levels were lower in sham, ovx-est, ovx-safflower and ovx-perilla groups (26.6~29.8 mg/g) than ovx-control (36.5$\pm$3.2 mg/g). But liver TG levels were reduced only sham and ovx-est groups compared to control group. Fecal excretions of bile acid and cholesterol were highest in ovx-safflower group (30.8$\pm$5. and 32.1$\pm$5.7 mg/g) compared with other ovx groups (20.8~23.1 and 12.1~19.5 mg/g). These results suggest that both perilla and safflower seeds contain groups (20.8~23.1 and 12.1~19.5mg/g). These results suggest that both perilla and safflower seeds contain non-fat and non-fiber components having lipid lowering effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 1993

In order to elucidate the temperature and pressure effect on the oil expression of perilla seed, recovery of expressed oil (REO) and volumetric strain of both roasted and unroasted perilla seeds were observed at different temperature, pressure and for different periods of press. In this experiment, moisture content of perilla seed was adjusted to 2.5% and temperature used were 30, 40, 50 and $60^{\circ}C$. Pressure applied were 10, 30, 50 and 70 MPa, and periods of press were 5, 7, 9 and 11 min. As temperature and pressure were increased or periods of press was lengthened, REO and volumetric strain of pressed cake were increased. Maximum REO of unroasted perilla seeds were found to be 85.59% and those of roasted perilla seeds be 85.30%, at 70 MPa, $60^{\circ}C$, and for 11 min. Viscosity of expressed oil were exponentially dependent on temperature and REO were increased as viscosity was decreased. From statistical analysis between effects of expression factors and REO and volumetric strain of pressed cake, importance of their effects was decreased in the order of pressure, temperature, $temperature{\times}pressure$ and periods of press. The multiple regression equation between REO(Y) and temperature (T), pressure (P), and periods of press (D) were as follows; $Y=7.95+36.85P+1.12T^2-0.55TP-5.08P^2\;r^2=0.97$ for unroasted perilla seed (p<0.01), $Y=4.50T+39.23P+0.83T^2-1.71P-5.07P^2\;r^2=0.99$ for roasted perilla seed (p<0.01).