• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.89-116
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• 2011

In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.15-15
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-48
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic\ulcorneriency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet\ulcornerween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr\ulcornerease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$ $$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$ The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$ These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea\ulcornerses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin\ulcornerear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num\ulcornerber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco\ulcornervery rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.555-652
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• 1996

Up to the present the scholastic achievements in the history of the medical system have been rather scare despite its importance in the Korean History. Hence, this dissertation attempts to examine the significance of the institute in the Korean History, covering the period from the ancient times through the early Chosun-Dynasty. In the ancient times, the medical practice relied primarily upon human instincts and experiences at the same time, shaman's incantations were widely believed to cure diseases, the workings of evil spirits supposedly. For the period from the Old Chosun through Samhan(巫堂), Chinese refugees brought a long medical knowledge and skills of the continent. New Chinese medicine, traditional practices and incantations were generally used at this time. Medicine and the medical system were arranged by the period of the Three Countries(三國時代). No definite record concerning Koguryo remains now. As for Paekje, however, history shows that they set up the system under the Chinese influence, assigning medical posts such as Euibaksa(medical doctor), Chaeyaksa(pharmacist), and Jukeumsa(medicine man) within Yakbu(department of medicine). Scientifically advanced, they sent experts to Japan, giving a tremendous influence on the development of the science on ancient Japan. After the unification of the three countries, Shilla had their own system after the model of Dang(唐). This system of the Unified Shilla was continued down to Koryo and became the backbone of the future ones. In the ancient time religion and medicine were closely related. The curative function of the shaman was absolute. Buddhism played a notable part in medical practice, too, producing numerous medical monks. The medical system of Koryo followed the model of Dang with some borrowings from Song(宋). Sangyakkuk(尙藥局) was to deal exclusively with the diseases of the monarch whereas Taeeuigam(太醫監) was the central office to handle the national medical administration and the qualification test and education for doctors. In addition, Dongsodaebiwon(東西大悲院), Jewibo(濟危寶), and Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were public hospitals for the people, and a few aristocrats practiced medicine privately. In 987, the 6th year of Songjong(成宗), local medical operations were installed for curing the sick and educating medical students. Later Hyonjong(顯宗), established Yakjom(clinics, 藥店) throughout the country and officials were sent there to see patients. Foreign experts, mainly from Song, were invited frequently to deliver their advanced technology, and contributed to the great progress of the science in Korea. Medical officials were equipped with better land and salary than others, enjoying appropriate social respect. Koryo exchanged doctors, medicine and books mainly with Song, but also had substantial interrelations with Yuan(元), Ming(明), Kitan(契丹), Yojin(女眞), and Japan. Among them, however, Song was most influential to the development of medicine in Koryo. During Koryo Dynasty Buddhism, the national religion at the time, exercised bigger effect on medicine than in any other period. By conducting national ceremonies and public rituals to cure diseases, Taoism also affected the way people regarded illness. Curative shamanism was still in practice as well. These religious practices, however, were now engaged only when medication was already in use or when medicine could not held not help any more. The advanced medical system of Koryo were handed down to Chosun and served the basis for further progress. Hence, then played well the role to connect the ancient medicine and the modern one. The early Chosun followed and systemized the scientific and technical achievement in medicine during the Koryo Dynasty, and furthermore, founded the basis of the future developments. Especially the 70 years approximately from the reign of Sejong(世宗) to that of Songjong(成宗) withnessed a termendous progress in the field with the reestablishment of the medical system. The functions of the three medical institute Naeeuiwon(內醫院), Joneuigam(典醫監), Hyeminkuk(惠民局) were expanded. The second, particualy, not only systemized all the medical practices of the whole nation, but also grew and distributed domestic medicaments which had been continually developed since the late Koryo period. In addition, Hyeminso(惠民局, Hwarinwon(活人院)) and Jesaenwon(濟生院)(later merged to the first) played certain parts in the curing illness. Despite the active medical education in the capital and the country, the results were not substantial, for the aristocracy avoided the profession due to the social prejudice against technicians including medical docotors. During the early Chosun-Dynasty, the science was divided into Chimgueui (acupuncturist), Naryogeui(specialist in scrofula) and Chijongeui (specialist in boil). For the textbooks, those for the qualification exam were used, including several written by the natives. With the introduction on Neoconfucianism(性理學) which reinforced sexual segregation, female doctors appeared for the female patients who refused to be seen by male doctors. This system first appeared in 1406, the sixth year of Taejong(太宗), but finally set up during the reign of Sejong. As slaves to the offices, the lowest class, female doctors drew no respect. However, this is still significant in the aspect of women's participation in society. They were precedents of midwives. Medical officials were selected through the civil exam and a special test. Those who passed exams were given temporary jobs and took permanent posts later. At that time the test score, the work experience and the performance record of the prospective doctor were all taken into consideration, for it was a specialized office. Most doctors were given posts that changed every six months, and therefore had fewer chances for a goverment office than the aristocracy. At the beginning the social status of those in medicine was not that low, but with the prejudice gradully rising among the aristocracy, it became generally agreed to belong to the upper-middle technician class. Dealing with life, however, they received social respect and courtesy from the public. Sometimes they collected wealth with their skills. They kept improving techniques and finally came to take an important share in modernization process during the late Chosun-Dynasty.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제10권
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• pp.5-50
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• 2006

인간의 신체는 단순한 육체적 몸을 넘어서 온갖 삶의 역사를 담은 상징체이다. 특히 예술 표현을 위해 신체를 사용하는 수많은 예들을 통해 볼 때, 즉 예술의 대상으로서 신체를 포착하거나, 자신의 생각을 전달하기 위해 신체 행위를 드러내거나 간에 시간과 장소를 포함한 삶의 지시체와 같은 역할을 해왔다. 이러한 신체에 대한 입장은 사실 그리 오래된 관점이 아니다. 1960년대 이래 이성과 사유의 힘을 중심화 하던 모더니즘의 사유 패러다임이 쇠퇴하고 감성과 감각의 중요성이 부각되면서 오랜 동안 정신의 시녀였던 신체가 탈분화적 관점에서 하나의 실체로서 주목하게 되면서부터이다. 이는 현대미술의 흐름에서 1940년대 이후 액션페인팅(Action Painting)에서부터 신체행위의 중요성이 제기되고 1960년대 액셔니즘(Actionism)과 플럭서스(Fluxus)의 빈번한 퍼포먼스(Performance)에서 신체는 표현의 중요한 매체가 되었다. 이브 클랭(Yves Kline)의 신체와 그 흔적에 의한 개념적 작업에서 시작되어, 1970년대 본격화된 바디아트(Body Art)에서 신체는 보다 확고한 예술의 매체로 부각된다. 이후 1980년대 만개한 페미니즘(Feminism)과 1990년대 파편화되고 해체된 신체미술의 경향들로 이어졌다. 이러한 흐름에서 볼 때 신체는 지시적 의미의 단계를 넘어서 개인의 정체성으로부터 세계상을 함축하여 드러낼 수 있는 단서로 간주된다. 특히 1980년대 이후 페미니즘(Feminism)적 경향의 키키 스미스(Kiki Smith)는 신체의 확장된 의미를 제시해주는 대표적 작가들로 그들의 작품을 연구 대상으로 하게 되었다. 이러한 배경 아래 키키스미스의 작품 세계를 고찰하기 위해, 신체를 통해 의미의 지평이 열리는 객관적 방법을 모색한 결과, 기호학과 신체론에 대한 고찰이 필요하다는 사실을 인식하게 되었다. 즉 신체를 객관화하여 가장 기초적인 수준에서 표현적인 부분과 내용적인 부분을 구조적으로 나누어 그 관계에 의해 의미가 발생하게 되는 과정을 기호와 텍스트의 개념에서 시작하였다. 나아가 이 표현면과 내용면의 구조적인 결합방식을 그레마스(A. J. Greimas)의 구조의미론에서 다룸으로써 의미의 확장을 위한 토대론적 작업을 구축하였다. 한편, 신체론에서는 세계와의 관계항으로서 신체를 조망하게 해준 메를로-퐁티(Maurice Merleau-Ponty)의 현상학(Phenomenology)과 애브젝션(abjection)의 개념을 통해 해체와 파편의 신체를 전달하게 해준 줄리아 크리스테바(Julia Kristeva)의 논의가 구조의미론적 분석을 해석으로 확장시키는 데 중요한 기여를 하였다. 키키 스미스는 1980년대 중반 죽음에 대한 서사에서 시작된 이중화와 파편화의 신체로부터 상처받을 수 있는 신체의 비천함이 구체적으로 드러난 1990년대 그리고 상처의 치유에 이르는 종교와 신화로 이어지는 2000년대 이후의 과정을 보여주었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.40-53
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• 2015

산업현장의 변화와 요구에 부응할 수 있는 인력을 체계적으로 양성하기 위하여 2001년에 국무조정실을 중심으로 NCS(National Competency Standards, 이하 NCS)와 국가자격체제(National Qualification Frameworks, 이하 NQF)의 도입이 결정되었다. 건설분야 내 조경 역시 2008년 "국가직무능력표준(NCS) -조경"이 시범 개발되어 2009년부터 3년간 시범운영되었다. 특히 2013년 출범한 박근혜 정부의 주요 국정과제 중 하나로 '학벌이 아닌 능력 중심의 사회 구현'이 채택되면서, 이를 실천하기 위한 구체적인 수단으로 NCS 체제 구축이 전국적으로 확산되고 있는 시점이다. 그러나 국가에서 개발한 NCS의 경우, 이상적인 직무수행능력을 명시하였기 때문에 각 대학의 학생수준의 차이, 기자재와 교수들의 확보문제, 현행교육과정의 시수 문제 등 실질적인 운영상의 문제점을 반영하지 못한 단점이 있으므로, 이를 현실적인 교육과정에 연착륙시키기 위해서는 현재의 교육과정과 NCS와의 차이 즉 갭(gap)을 명확히 분석하는 과정이 선행되어야 한다. 갭분석은 기존의 교육과정을 NCS 기반 교육과정으로 개편하기 위한 초기 단계의 방법론으로 NCS 능력단위별 능력단위요소와 수행준거를 기준으로 학과 내 기존 교육과정과의 괴리도 혹은 일치 정도를 1에서 5까지 리커트 척도를 활용하여 기입한 후 분석하는 방법이다. 이처럼 현재의 대학 내 교육과정과 NCS와의 일치 및 괴리 정도를 측정함으로써 향후 NCS 운영을 희망하는 대학에서는 NCS의 적용 가능성과 개발 운영 이후의 효과성을 검증할 수 있는 기초 도구를 확보할 수 있다. 갭분석을 통한 교육과정 개편의 장점으로는 첫째, 정부의 재정지원 사업과 연계하여 정성적인 학과별 NCS 도입률에 대한 정량적 지표를 제공할 수 있으며, 둘째, NCS 기반 교육과정 개편 시 부족한 혹은 포화상태인 부분에 대한 객관적인 기준을 제공해 준다. 즉, 해당 NCS 세분류 도입 시 부족한 능력단위 및 능력단위요소를 추출할 수 있으며, 기존 과목별 능력단위요소별로 보완 사항도 추출할 수 있는 동시에, 이를 통한 상세 강의계획서 및 기초 교과목 개설을 위한 방향성을 제시해 주는 장점이 있다. 다만, 현재까지 개발된 갭분석의 이론을 보완하여 보다 체계적으로 정비해야 하는 과제는 남아 있다. 교육부, 고용노동부는 산업현장의 요구를 교육훈련 및 자격에 체계적으로 반영하기 위해 관련 산업계 인사들이 모여 실무적인 차원에서 NCS 표준을 적극적으로 개발하고 보급하여야 하며, NCS 적용을 희망하는 대학에서는 일과 자격이 연계될 수 있는 교육과정을 NCS 기반으로 개편하여야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 대학에서는 관련 산업 전망 및 대학 내 교수자원과 지역 산업과의 관련성을 고려하여 적용하고자 하는 NCS 세분류를 명확히 선정하여야 할 것이다. 이후 NCS 기반 교육과정 개편을 위해 갭분석을 사용하여 개편의 방향과 기준을 보다 객관적이고 합리적으로 수립하여 교육과정명세서에 대한 명확한 논리적 근거를 확보하고 있어야 과정이수형 자격제도에 효율적으로 동참할 수 있을 것이다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권41호
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• pp.455-486
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• 2015

1986년 특허등록으로 시작된 3D프린팅 기술은 당시에는 인식 부족으로 일부 기업 외에는 주목받지 못하는 기술이었다. 그러나 20년이 지나 만료되는 특허들이 나오는 오늘날에는 가격도 개인이 구매가능한 선까지 낮아졌고 컴퓨터 성능향상 및 인터넷 정보교류의 보편화로 3D 콘텐츠에 대한 인식이 보편화 되어 산업계는 물론 일반인들에게도 주목 받고 있다. 수정 및 유통이 편리한 디지털 데이터를 기반으로 하면서 금형제작이 필요없는 3D프린터는 제작 공정에서 획기적인 변화를 가져 올 수 있으며 캐릭터 콘텐츠상품 분야에서도 동일한 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 최근 들어 관심을 받고 있는 키덜트 문화의 가장 선두에 있는 다양한 캐릭터 상품 제작에는 3D프린터를 사용하는 것이 필수적인 공정이 되고 있으며 이 같은 캐릭터 콘텐츠 관련 산업현장 수요를 예측해 볼 때, 그리고 특허 만료 및 기술의 공유로 저렴해진 가격 등을 고려해 볼 때, 앞으로 교육현장에서 3D프린터를 활용할 수 있는 인재를 양성하는 교육과정을 도입하여 보다 창의적인 작업을 할 수 있는 인재를 양성하고 취업의 영역과 기회를 확대하는 것은 꼭 진행되어야 할 것이다. 그러나 학교 교육에서 3D프린터를 도입하고자 할 때 얻을 수 있는 정보는 한계가 있다. 언론이나 정보매체에서는 3D 프린터에 대한 장밋빛 미래가치나 산업규모 성장과 같은 일반적인 정보만을 거론하고 있으며 학계에서도 연구의 수준의 프린팅 기술 소개나 산업에서의 적용, 산업 규모 데이터 분석 등 개론수준의 내용 정리에 머무르고 있다. 이러한 정보의 부족은 교육현장에서 문제를 발생시킨다. 장점과 단점 비교와 같은 실질적인 정보 비교 없이 일단 도입 하여 시행착오의 과정 이후에서야 사용을 할 수 있게 됨으로서 시간적, 기회비용이 발생할 수밖에 없는 상황이다. 특히 많은 비용을 들여 도입한 장비가 학교 교육의 특성에 맞지 않는다면 그로 인한 비용손실은 클 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 관련 전문가들이 아닌 기술관련 기반이 없는 일반 사용자들을 대상으로 하였다. 기존의 의 3D프린터 기술소개의 정도가 아닌 대표적 기술에 따른 사용상의 주의 점과 문제점을 분석하고 장단점을 비교하여 학교 교육, 특히 애니메이션 관련 학과에서 캐릭터 상품 개발과 관련한 교육에서 필요한 3D 프린터는 어떤 특성을 가져야 하는지를 설명하고 앞으로 3D프린터 이용한 교육을 시행하고자 할 때 실질적인 도움이 될 수 있는 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 본론에서는 지지대 방식, 재료의 종류, 이차원 프린팅 방법, 삼차원 프린팅 방법과 같이 새로운 관점으로 기술을 구분하여 설명하였다. 이렇게 다른 구분 방식을 선택 하게 된 이유는 사용상의 실질적인 문제들을 상호 비교하기 용이하도록 하기 위함이다. 결론적으로 가장 적합한 3D프리터는 출력물의 품질은 다소 부족하지만 비교적 가격대가 저렴하고 재료 및 유지보수비용이 적게 드는 FDM방식의 프린터로 선정하였으며 부가적으로 기술지원이 잘되는 업체를 선정하기를 추천한다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2017

강판 표면 결함은 강판의 품질과 가격을 결정하는 중요한 요인 중 하나로, 많은 철강 업체는 그동안 검사자의 육안으로 강판 표면 결함을 확인해왔다. 그러나 시각에 의존한 검사는 통상 30% 이상의 판단 오류가 발생함에 따라 검사 신뢰도가 낮은 문제점을 갖고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 Simultaneous MTS (S-MTS) 알고리즘을 적용하여 보다 지능적이고 높은 정확도를 갖는 새로운 강판 표면 결함 진단 시스템을 제안하였다. S-MTS 알고리즘은 단일 클래스 분류에는 효과적이지만 다중 클래스 분류에서 정확도가 떨어지는 기존 마할라노비스 다구찌시스템 알고리즘(Mahalanobis Taguchi System; MTS)의 문제점을 해결한 새로운 알고리즘이다. 강판 표면 결함 진단은 대표적인 다중 클래스 분류 문제에 해당하므로, 강판 표면 결함 진단 시스템 구축을 위해 본 연구에서는 S-MTS 알고리즘을 채택하였다. 강판 표면 결함 진단 시스템 개발은 S-MTS 알고리즘에 따라 다음과 같이 진행하였다. 첫째, 각 강판 표면 결함 별로 개별적인 참조 그룹 마할라노비스 공간(Mahalanobis Space; MS)을 구축하였다. 둘째, 구축된 참조 그룹 MS를 기반으로 비교 그룹 마할라노비스 거리(Mahalanobis Distance; MD)를 계산한 후 최소 MD를 갖는 강판 표면 결함을 비교 그룹의 강판 표면 결함으로 판단하였다. 셋째, 강판 표면 결함을 분류하는 데 있어 결함 간의 차이점을 명확하게 해주는 예측 능력이 높은 변수를 파악하였다. 넷째, 예측 능력이 높은 변수만을 이용해 강판 표면 결함 분류를 재수행함으로써 최종적인 강판 표면 결함 진단 시스템을 구축한다. 이와 같은 과정을 통해 구축한 S-MTS 기반 강판 표면 결함 진단 시스템의 정확도는 90.79%로, 이는 기존 검사 방법에 비해 매우 높은 정확도를 갖는 유용한 방법임을 보여준다. 추후 연구에서는 본 연구를 통해 개발된 시스템을 현장 적용하여, 실제 효과성을 검증할 필요가 있다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.39-53
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• 2013

인터넷의 발달과 SNS의 등장으로 정보흐름의 방식이 크게 바뀌었다. 이러한 변화에 따라 소셜 미디어가 급부상하고 있으며 소셜 미디어와 비디오 콘텐츠가 융합된 소셜 TV, 소셜 뉴스의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 이러한 환경 속에서 사용자들은 단순히 콘텐츠를 탐색만 하는 것이 아니라 같은 콘텐츠를 이용하고 있는 친구들이나 지인들과 콘텐츠에 대한 정보나 경험들을 공유하고 더 나아가 새로운 콘텐츠를 만들어내기도 한다. 하지만 기존의 소셜 뉴스에서는 이러한 사용자들의 특성을 반영해 주지 못하고 있다. 특히 이용자들의 참여성만을 고려하고 있어서 서비스간의 차별화가 어렵고 뉴스 콘텐츠에 대한 정보나 경험 공유 시 컨텍스트 공유가 어렵다는 문제가 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 논문에서는 뉴스를 내용별로 분할하고 분할된 뉴스에서 추출된 시간 종속적인 메타데이터를 제공하는 프레임워크를 제안한다. 제안하는 프레임워크에서는 스토리 분할 방법을 이용하여 뉴스 대본을 내용별로 분할한다. 또한 뉴스 전체내용을 대표하는 태그, 분할된 뉴스를 나타내는 서브 태그, 분할된 뉴스가 비디오에서 시작하는 위치 즉, 시간 종속적인 메타데이터를 제공한다. 소셜 뉴스 이용자들에게 시간 종속적인 메타데이터를 제공한다면 이용자들은 전체의 뉴스 내용 중에 자신이 원하는 부분만을 탐색 할 수 있으며 이 부분에 대한 견해를 남길 수 있다. 그리고 뉴스의 전달이나 의견 공유 시 메타데이터를 함께 전달함으로써 전달하고자 하는 내용에 바로 접근이 가능하며 프레임워크의 성능은 추출된 서브 태그가 뉴스의 실제 내용을 얼마나 잘 나타내 주느냐에 따라 결정된다. 그리고 서브 태그는 스토리 분할의 정확성과 서브 태그를 추출하는 방법에 따라 다르게 추출된다. 이 점을 고려하여 의미적 유사도 기반의 스토리 분할 방법을 프레임워크에 적용하였고 벤치마크 알고리즘과 성능 비교 실험을 수행하였으며 분할된 뉴스에서 추출된 서브 태그들과 실제 뉴스의 내용을 비교하여 서브 태그들의 정확도를 분석하였다. 결과적으로 의미적 유사도를 고려한 스토리 분할 방법이 더 우수한 성능을 보였으며 추출된 서브 태그들도 컨텍스트와 관련된 단어들이 추출 되었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.63-86
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• 2010

Personalized services directly and indirectly acquire personal data, in part, to provide customers with higher-value services that are specifically context-relevant (such as place and time). Information technologies continue to mature and develop, providing greatly improved performance. Sensory networks and intelligent software can now obtain context data, and that is the cornerstone for providing personalized, context-specific services. Yet, the danger of overflowing personal information is increasing because the data retrieved by the sensors usually contains privacy information. Various technical characteristics of context-aware applications have more troubling implications for information privacy. In parallel with increasing use of context for service personalization, information privacy concerns have also increased such as an unrestricted availability of context information. Those privacy concerns are consistently regarded as a critical issue facing context-aware personalized service success. The entire field of information privacy is growing as an important area of research, with many new definitions and terminologies, because of a need for a better understanding of information privacy concepts. Especially, it requires that the factors of information privacy should be revised according to the characteristics of new technologies. However, previous information privacy factors of context-aware applications have at least two shortcomings. First, there has been little overview of the technology characteristics of context-aware computing. Existing studies have only focused on a small subset of the technical characteristics of context-aware computing. Therefore, there has not been a mutually exclusive set of factors that uniquely and completely describe information privacy on context-aware applications. Second, user survey has been widely used to identify factors of information privacy in most studies despite the limitation of users' knowledge and experiences about context-aware computing technology. To date, since context-aware services have not been widely deployed on a commercial scale yet, only very few people have prior experiences with context-aware personalized services. It is difficult to build users' knowledge about context-aware technology even by increasing their understanding in various ways: scenarios, pictures, flash animation, etc. Nevertheless, conducting a survey, assuming that the participants have sufficient experience or understanding about the technologies shown in the survey, may not be absolutely valid. Moreover, some surveys are based solely on simplifying and hence unrealistic assumptions (e.g., they only consider location information as a context data). A better understanding of information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services is highly needed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify a generic set of factors for elemental information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services and to develop a rank-order list of information privacy concern factors. We consider overall technology characteristics to establish a mutually exclusive set of factors. A Delphi survey, a rigorous data collection method, was deployed to obtain a reliable opinion from the experts and to produce a rank-order list. It, therefore, lends itself well to obtaining a set of universal factors of information privacy concern and its priority. An international panel of researchers and practitioners who have the expertise in privacy and context-aware system fields were involved in our research. Delphi rounds formatting will faithfully follow the procedure for the Delphi study proposed by Okoli and Pawlowski. This will involve three general rounds: (1) brainstorming for important factors; (2) narrowing down the original list to the most important ones; and (3) ranking the list of important factors. For this round only, experts were treated as individuals, not panels. Adapted from Okoli and Pawlowski, we outlined the process of administrating the study. We performed three rounds. In the first and second rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, we gathered a set of exclusive factors for information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services. The respondents were asked to provide at least five main factors for the most appropriate understanding of the information privacy concern in the first round. To do so, some of the main factors found in the literature were presented to the participants. The second round of the questionnaire discussed the main factor provided in the first round, fleshed out with relevant sub-factors. Respondents were then requested to evaluate each sub factor's suitability against the corresponding main factors to determine the final sub-factors from the candidate factors. The sub-factors were found from the literature survey. Final factors selected by over 50% of experts. In the third round, a list of factors with corresponding questions was provided, and the respondents were requested to assess the importance of each main factor and its corresponding sub factors. Finally, we calculated the mean rank of each item to make a final result. While analyzing the data, we focused on group consensus rather than individual insistence. To do so, a concordance analysis, which measures the consistency of the experts' responses over successive rounds of the Delphi, was adopted during the survey process. As a result, experts reported that context data collection and high identifiable level of identical data are the most important factor in the main factors and sub factors, respectively. Additional important sub-factors included diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionalities, and embedded and disappeared sensor devices. The average score of each factor is very useful for future context-aware personalized service development in the view of the information privacy. The final factors have the following differences comparing to those proposed in other studies. First, the concern factors differ from existing studies, which are based on privacy issues that may occur during the lifecycle of acquired user information. However, our study helped to clarify these sometimes vague issues by determining which privacy concern issues are viable based on specific technical characteristics in context-aware personalized services. Since a context-aware service differs in its technical characteristics compared to other services, we selected specific characteristics that had a higher potential to increase user's privacy concerns. Secondly, this study considered privacy issues in terms of service delivery and display that were almost overlooked in existing studies by introducing IPOS as the factor division. Lastly, in each factor, it correlated the level of importance with professionals' opinions as to what extent users have privacy concerns. The reason that it did not select the traditional method questionnaire at that time is that context-aware personalized service considered the absolute lack in understanding and experience of users with new technology. For understanding users' privacy concerns, professionals in the Delphi questionnaire process selected context data collection, tracking and recording, and sensory network as the most important factors among technological characteristics of context-aware personalized services. In the creation of a context-aware personalized services, this study demonstrates the importance and relevance of determining an optimal methodology, and which technologies and in what sequence are needed, to acquire what types of users' context information. Most studies focus on which services and systems should be provided and developed by utilizing context information on the supposition, along with the development of context-aware technology. However, the results in this study show that, in terms of users' privacy, it is necessary to pay greater attention to the activities that acquire context information. To inspect the results in the evaluation of sub factor, additional studies would be necessary for approaches on reducing users' privacy concerns toward technological characteristics such as highly identifiable level of identical data, diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionality, embedded and disappearing sensor devices. The factor ranked the next highest level of importance after input is a context-aware service delivery that is related to output. The results show that delivery and display showing services to users in a context-aware personalized services toward the anywhere-anytime-any device concept have been regarded as even more important than in previous computing environment. Considering the concern factors to develop context aware personalized services will help to increase service success rate and hopefully user acceptance for those services. Our future work will be to adopt these factors for qualifying context aware service development projects such as u-city development projects in terms of service quality and hence user acceptance.