• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.179-191
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find out the effect of sodding and seeding time and rate of seed mixtures on the establishment of cool-season turfgrasses by evaluating the turf coverage rates for two years. In fall planting, the required establishment period of full coverage($100\%$) was 1.5 months with a rolled turf sodding(Kentucky bluegrass $100\%$, Kentucky bluegrass $80\%$+perennial ryegrass $20\%$). The $100\%$ turf establishment was achieved in 7 months with Perennial ryegrass $100\%$, and 7.5 months by seeding with Kentucky bluegrass $100\%$(KB 100), Kentucky bluegrass $80\%$+perennial ryegrass $20\%$(KB80+PR20), Kentucky bluegrass $70\%$+perennial ryegrass $30\%$(KB70+PR30). In spring planting, the establishment periods far sod with KB 100 or KB80+PR20 were taken one month. However, in the case of seeding, the establishment periods were 3 months, 3.5 months, 3.5 months and 4 months with PR100, KB80+PR20, KB70+PR30, and KB 100, respectively Comparing the turf establishment vigor between fall and spring planting, the vigor was higher In spring planting than in fall planting in both sodding and . seeding. In the case of spring planting, the most proper time for turf establishment was tested on April, May, and June trials. The effect was significant in establishment vigor. The result showed highest on April planting. On May and June trials, establishment vigors were decreased gradually As the mixture rate of PR increased, ryegrass, establishment vigor was decreased with the rates. These results indicated that perennial ryegrass has relatively less tolerant to summer heat than Kentucky bluegrass. Number of shoots in 95 days after seeding was higher in KB100 by 16,600 per $m^2$ than in PR100 by 12,400 per $m^2$, while the lowest number showed in KB50+PR50 by 3,300 per $m^2$. Those in KB80:PR20, KB70:PR30 were 6,700 and 4,900 per $m^2$, respectively. The ratios of tillers according to mixture rates between Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass were KB80:PR20=87:13, KB70:PR30=78:22, and KB50:PR50=48:52. According to results in this study, Ideal seeding time might be spring (April) than in fall (September), and proper mixture rate was $80\%$ of Kentucky bluegrass with $20\%$ of perennial ryegrass.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.293-316
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• 1995

Nitrogen fertilization and cutting practice were studied on turfgrasses and cover plants to investigate the possibility of maintaining green color during the growing season. Research also involved the effect of the nitrogen on a few morphological characteristics of leaf performance elements which might give an information to coloration and life-span of turf leaves. Treatments in the first experiment undertaken on pot included one N level: 350kgN /ha applied as compound fertilizer in split applications of one-half in mid-May and the rest both in late June and August, and four spring-summer cuts: late May, late June, late July and late August. The soil filled in pot a moderately well-drained sandy loam. In the second experiment(field observation) leaf length and width, inflorescence and flowering, and color performance were also investigated. With nitrogen fertilizer applied on turfs, desirable turf color was maintained during a period of poor coloration in specific seasons such as mid-summer for cool season grasses and late fall for warm season grasses comparing to the non-treatment. However, this was not stimulated by cutting treatment to nitrogen status existed. Cutting effect on coloration was more remarkable in both Korean lawngrass and Manilagrass than in cool season turfgrasses such as Italian rye-grass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. Especially down-slide of leaf color in cool season turfgrasses could he detected in mid-summer /early fall season ranging up to mid-September. In early November as well as mid-September, Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fes-cue retained a high level of green color as followed by nitrogen application and cutting treatment, and little detectable variation of leaf color notation between cool season turfgrasses was obtained. However, Korean la'vngrass and Manilagrass failed to retain the green color until early November. Color notations in cool season turfgrasses investigated early November on the final date of the experiment ranged from 5 GY 3/1 to 4/8 in 'Ramultra' Italian ryegrass, 'Reveile' perennial ryegrass and 'Arid' tall fescue, but those in Zoysiagrasses were 7.5 YR 4/8 in Korean lawngrass and 2.5 y 5 /6 in Manilagrass. Life-span of leaves was shorter in Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue than in beth Korean lawngrass and Manilagrass with and without nitrogen application. In general, leaves appeared in early May had a long life-span than those appeared in late April or mid-June. Nitrogen application significantly prolonged the green color retaining period in perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, Korean lawngrass and Manilagrass, and this was contrasted with the fact that there was no prolonged life-span of leaves emerging in early May and mid-June in tall fescue. SPAD reading values in 48 turfs and cover plants investigated in the field trial were increasing until late June and again decreasing till September. Increasing trends of reading value could be observed in the middle of October in most of grasses. On the other hand, clovers and reed canarygrasses did not restore their color values even in October. Color differences between inter-varieties, and inter-species occurred during the growing season under the field condition implicated that selection of species and /or cultivars for mixture should be taken into consideration. In Munsell color notation investigated in the final date in the middle of November, 32 cultivars belonged under the category of 5 GY and 10 cultivars under the category of 7.5 GY. This was implying that most of cool season turfs and cover plants grown in the center zone of Korean Peninsula which are able to utilize for landscape use can bear their reasonable green color by early or mid-November when properly managed. The applicable possibilities of SPAD readings and Munsell color notation to determine the color status of turfgrasses and cover plants used in this study were discussed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2004

The growth characteristics of cool season turfgrass in the seaside landfill golf courses with the single-use of kentucky bluegrass and mixed-use with kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass in the coast line are as follows. Water infiltration rate was higher in the kentucky bluegrass single-use groups recorded as 95.6∼125.9cm/hr than in the roups mixed with kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass recorded as 180.3∼386.2cm/hr. The surface soil hardness and the soil penetration were ranged from 16.6 to 18.0mm and from 6.0 to 7.3kg/cm$^2$, respectively. The cultivar that showed the most excellent visual quality and visual color in the kentucky bluegrass single-use groups was Midnight(KB2), whose density around the root was relatively excellent, as well. North Star(KB3) known as highly resistant to salt was the secondarily excellent cultivar. Brilliant(KB1) had visual quality of about third grade, however, it seemed profitable to develop turfgrass ground by virtue of its high density. As of April 26, 2003, when 2 weeks had passed after seeding, the visual quality was better in the groups mixed with kentucky bluegrass and perennial rye grass than in the kentucky bluegrass single-use groups. The most excellent visual color was found in Midnight(KB2)+Brightstar SLT(PR2) among the groups mixed with kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. On August 4, 2003, a disease was found from one experimental group in Blackstone(KB4) and expanded into more than 50cm of diameter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2000

Covering rate, visual rating and sod development were evaluated under three natural fiber materials with Phragmites spp. when over a plastic sheet. The results were as follows. (1) The last covering rate was high on jute net, coir mat and on Miscanthus sacchariflorus, respectively while the early covering rate was high on coir mat and on Miscanthus sinensis+perennial ryegrass. (2) The early growth was good on perennial ryegrass but the covering rate gradually turned poor because of summer drought. (3) Sod was highly developed on Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sinensis compared with other species and mixtures. (4) The covering rate and visual rating were high on natural fiber materials such as coir mat and jute net when compared with on natural fiber materials such as none treatment plots. (5) The natural fibers materials on Phragmites spp. and Miscanthus spp. were effect on sod establishment. Sod coir mat was highly established. (6) The carpet-type sod was best developed on the coir mat.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 1988

다른 生長條件(growth chamber, outdoor)과 室素施肥條件(N 0, N 60kg $ha^{-1}$')에서 자란 Perennial rye- grass잎에 있어서 葉伸長率(LER)과 伸底部位의 空間的 移動 및 細胞의 伸長등을 알아보고자, 잎 基部내 伸長部位의 O~30mm에 pin처리를 하고 일정시간후 Pin hole의 이동거리로서 長을 조사하었으며 표면복 제방법에 의해 細胞의 길이를 측정하였다. Growth chamber에서 자란 목초의 LER은 25.2mm $day^{-1}$(outdoor 목초에 비해 54.6% 증가), 생육의 공 간분포는 基部로부터 24mm까지, 최대생육은 10~13nm에서, 세포신장은 20nm까지로 관찰되었다. Outdoor 목초는 LER 16.3nm, 생육분포는 17mm까지, 최대생육은 5 ~8mm에서, 세포신장은 14mm까지었다. 질소시비구 목초의 LER은 30.3nm$day^{-1}$(무시비구 목초에 비해 61, 2% 증가), 생육분포는 基部로부터 27 mm까지, 최대생육은 13~1Smm에서, 세포신장은 21mm까지었으며, 질소무시비구 목초는 LER 21.3mm, 생육 분딘는 21mm까지 최대생육은 8~llmm에서, 세포신장은 16mm까지였다. Ligule 부위의 세포길이는 현저히 짧아졌으며, LER이 빠를때 伸長部位내 生育의 移動速度도 빨랐다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.135-140
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• 1989

This experiment was to study the relationship between shoot and root system in perennial ryegrass at different stages of growth. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The dry weight of shoot was significantly correlated with the dry weight of root at both stages of growth. 2. The yield components of shoot and root systems were changed by the stages of growth. Thus, the dry weights of shoot and root were positive correlated with the number of tillers and roots at 60 days after sowing. But, the dry weights of shoot and root were positive correlated with the dry weight of root, the dry weight of tiller, length of plant and length of root at 90 days after sowing. 3. Maprirna variety was obtained a higher dry weights of shoot and root at 60 days after sowing, but, Alta variety was obtained at 90 days after sowing, respectively. 4. The dry weight of shoot was positive correlated with leaf area at both stages of growth. 5. The dry weight of shoot was significantly negative correlated with specific leaf weight at 60 days after sowing, but positive correlated with specific leaf weight at 90 days afikr sowing. 6. The dry weight of root was smcantly positive correlated with leaf area at 60 days after sowing, but not recognized at 90 days after sowing.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.212-219
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• 2004

To minimize the danger of soil erosion and settle habitats earlier, afforestation, which vegetates bare slopes, is selected as an environmental recovering technology. Large portions of these areas often are suffered by a bad germination and growth inhibition of sprayed seeds. Afforested materials collected in the normal and damaged sites were not any big difference in chemical characteristics and biological response to ryegrass. But background soil of the damaged site has very low pH (3.6) and high contents of iron and aluminum compared with them of the normal sites. Both germination and root growth of ryegrass were inhibited severely in the water extracts of damaged soils, but not in the water extracts of normal sites. Groundwater collected nearby the damaged sites was very strong acidic (pH 33) and exhibited a high value of electrical conductivity and high contents of iron and aluminum. In the ground water, germinated ryegrass was scarcely grown. In Al standard solution, the root growth of ryegrass was inhibited over 50% in 0.5 mM in pH 3.5-4.5 and in 1.4 mM in pH 5.5, which seems to be related to $Al^{3+}$ activity in solution. In the ferric Fe ($Fe^{3+}$) standard solution, ryegrass growth was inhibited over 50% in the concentration of 14-19 mM in root and 23-25 mM in shoot. This strong tolerance of ryegrass to $Fe^{3+}$ might be concerned with the very low activity of $Fe^{3+}$ at pH 3.5-5.5. In contrast, ryegrass responded very sensitively to ferrous Fe ion ($Fe^{2+}$), especially in root growth: $Fe^{2+}$ concentrations corresponding to 50% growth reduction were 0.3-0.4 mM at pH 3.5-5.5 in roots. This high growth inhibition should be related to the high ion activity of $Fe^{2+}$ irrespective of different pH conditions. In conclusion, low pH and high contents of $Fe^{2+}$ and aluminum seem to be caused by pyrite and be closely related to the growth inhibition of ryegrass seeded in afforested area.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 1989

This experiment 'was conducted to investigate the grazing cattle's palatability by the method of grazing time on the pasture dominated orchardgrass and on the pasture dominated perennial ryegrass from June to October, 1987. The experiment was carried out on the experimental field at Livestock Ex- Experiment Station. The results are summarized as follows: 1. In summer, the grazing time on the pasture dominated orchardgrass increased in 49.7 min, 57.4 min, 102 min, 118.7 min, respectively as sward height decreased in 50 cm, 45 cm, 35 cm, 23 cm, respectively and their correlation coefficiet was -0.9722*(P <0.05). 2. In autumn, the grazing time on the pasture dominated perennial ryegrass decreased in 182 min, 98.5 min, 49.4 min, 31.9 min, respectively as sward height decreased in 43 cm, 34 cm, 25 cm, 18 cm, respectively and their correlation coefficient was 0.9684*. (P <0.05). 3. Grazing time increased as sward height increased on the pasture dominated perennial ryegrass because the composition rate of orchardgrass and red clover which were palatability on the plot of the high sward height.was many. It was suggested that the factor that could be first related to palatability on mixture pasture was the factor of species than the factor of sward height. 4. When the eating rate on the plot of the low sward height was over 55% as the grazing day went by, it gradually decreased because the eating rate on it was high but the fresh yield was low. After all it seemed that it affected palatability because forage availability on the plot of the low sward height was degenerating.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 1997

This study was carried out with aim to find out a tall fescue cultivar which is palatable and resistant to hot climate, and a white clover cultivar which is less competitive with other grasses. Pastures with 3 treatments (TI: Fawn, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T2: Roa, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T3 : Roa, tall fescue + Tahora, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass) were established by oversowing. Under continuous grazing, dry matter yield, soil characteristics, botanical composition and nutrient contents of forages were investigated during the grazing seasons 60m 1994 to 1996. No significant difference were found in establishment percents, physical and chemical characteristics of soil, and nutrient contents of forages between 3 treatments(P>0.05). Dry matter yield of TI, T2 and T3 were 24,188, 23,827 and 23,578kg/ha, respectively. Fawn and Roa, tall fescue cultivars occupied 6.1 and 4.8% of the total plants in 1994, 14.4 and 11.5 % in 1995, and 28.4% and 17.7% in 1996, respectively. These results indicate that Fawn, tall fescue dominantly occupied with time more than Roa, tall fescue. There were no differences in percentage of Regal and Tahora, white clover cultivars(P > 0.05), showing 4.2 and 2.4% in 1994, 16.1 and 17.3% in 1995, and 2.4 and 1.0% in 1996, respectively. The percentage of orchardgrass on mixed pasture decreased after summer season of high temperature, but percentage of Roa, tall fescue slowly increased with time firom 1994 to 1996.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-72
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• 2011

Soil aggregate is a vigorous procedure including soil physical, chemical, and biological processes. Pore space created by binding these particles together improves retention and exchange of air and water. Various researches have reported that the benefits of organic polymers that may increase aggregate stability. The purpose of the study was to determine if a liquid organic polymer mixture has any influence on perennial ryegrass quality or soil aggregation. $Turf2Max^{(R)}$ was applied to two soils as a source of liquid organic polymer. Fine-loamy soil from local Iowa topsoil with 4.0% organic matter was screened and dried. Commercial baseball infield clay, $QuickDry^{(R)}$, was used as the second soil There were three rates of liquid organic polymer (0, 2, and 4%). there was no visual improvement in turf grass color, quality, or growth by using organic polymer. It is possible that aggregate stability increases with use of organic polymer. The aggregate stability study needs to be repeated in the greenhouse and then substantiated under field conditions for these preliminary observations.