• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2021

일본어의 어두 폐쇄음은 일차적으로 VOT로 구별되며 유성음은 음 값의 VOT, 무성음은 양 값의 VOT를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근의 연구에 의하면 유성음이 양 값의 VOT를 갖는 어두 유성 폐쇄음의 무성화 현상이 전국적으로 젊은 층을 중심으로 진행되고 있는 것이 확인되었다. 또한 지역마다 정도의 차이는 있으나 어두 폐쇄음 구별에 VOT 이외에 후속 모음의 F0 차이가 유효한 것이 밝혀졌다. 본고는 산출에 쓰이는 음향 변수 VOT와 F0가 지각 변수로도 유효한지를 검토한 것이다. 4개 지역의 대학생 55명을 대상으로 자연음과 합성음을 이용한 세 가지 지각 실험을 실시한 결과는 어느 지역에서나 어두 폐쇄음의 일차적 지각 변수로 기능하는 것은 VOT이며 예상했던 F0의 사용은 극히 한정적인 것으로 나타났다. F0는 VOT가 기능하지 않을 때에 높은 F0를 무성음으로 지각하는 경우는 있으나 반대로 낮은 F0를 유성음으로 지각하는 경우는 거의 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 유성/무성의 구별에 관여하는 산출의 음향 변수와 지각 변수가 일치하지 않는 것을 뜻하며, 나아가 일차적 변수인 VOT의 구별이 어려운 상황에서도 F0의 적극적인 사용 없이 일상생활에서 유성/무성의 구별에 혼란이 없는 것은 VOT와 F0 이외의 다른 요인이 관여하고 있음을 시사한다. 본고에서는 산출에서 어느 정도 관여가 인정된 모음의 음질(H1-H2)이나 음향 변수가 아닌 문맥이 관여하고 있을 가능성에 대해 논하였으나 이에 대한 검증은 앞으로의 과제로 남아 있다.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.337-342
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• 1996

In prevoius works we have repored phonetic similarities between Japanese and Spanish voweis and syiiabic sounds. (1) (2) (3) (4). In the present communication we explore the relative importance of duration of the consonantal segment to elicit Spanish /l/ - /r/ distinction by native j Japanese talkers. Three Argentine and three trained native Japanese talkers recorded /l-r/ combined with /a/ in VCV sequences. Modifications of consonant duration and vowel context with transitions were m made by editing natural /ala/ sounds. Mixed VCV were produced by combining sounds of both languages. Perceptual tests were produced by combining sounds of both languages perceptual performed presenting the speech material, to native t trained and non trained Japanese listeners. In a tirst sessIOn a d discrimination procedure was applied. The items were arranged in pairs a and listeners Nere told to indicate the pair that sounded different. In the f following session they were asked to identify and type the letter corresponding to each one of the items. Responses arc examined in tenns of critical duration of the interval between vowels. Preliminary results indicate that the duration of intervocalic intervais was a relevant cue for the identification of /l/ and /r/. It seems that to differentiate the two sounds, Japanese listeners required relatively longer interval steps than the argentine suhjects. There was a tendency to conhlse more frequently /l/ for /r/ than viceversa.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

A lax stop in Korean, one of the three laryngeal contrastive stops, has undergone a sound change in terms of its acoustic properties. Prior production studies described this recent lax stop as being differentiated from tense and aspirated stops primarily by fundamental frequencies (f0). And, the acoustic property of voice onset time (VOT) further separates tense stops from lax and aspirated stops. The current research explores how these two major acoustic parameters of f0 and VOT cue the three stop categories in Korean adult listeners' perception. Thirty-one native speakers of Korean participated in two experimental tasks: categorization judgment and within-category goodness ratings. Two sets of audio stimuli were prepared by synthesizing English and Korean male speakers' CV productions. The findings showed that while f0 cues listeners to lax stops as production patterns would predict, VOT were closely related to listeners' categorization and goodness ratings of lax stops. This suggests that accurate characterizations of the recent lax stop category need to be based on Korean speakers' perceptual behavior as well as production patterns.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2014년도 제49차 동계학술대회논문집 22권1호
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• pp.145-147
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• 2014

공동주의는 사회적 개체간의 지각적 경험을 공유하는 상호작용과정으로, 최근 인간-로봇 상호작용연구와 관련해서 로봇 공학자의 관심이 커지고 있다. 발달심리학에 기초한 기존의 developmental robotics의 접근과는 달리, 본 연구에서는 사전단서 패러다임을 이용해서 목표물, 단서, 주의반응 간의 삼자관계를 수학적으로 개념화하였다. 간단한 목표물 탐사과제를 통해서 계산모형의 수행을 검증하였다. 연구결과에서는 컴퓨터 시스템의 시각적 주의 모형이 사용자가 지시하는 단서(손가락 지시)의해 목표물(이온음료)을 주의를 할당하는 것을 보였다. 본 연구는 심리학에서 연구된 사전단서 패러다임을 인간-로봇 상호작용에 적용될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.112-119
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• 2011

This study presents experiments which examined the role of amplitude and fundamental frequency (f0) in the phonetic perception of short versus long stop length contrasts in Japanese (e.g., [t] vs. [tt]). Stop length contrasts are normally characterized by differences in the duration of stop closures. However, closure duration can be unreliable as a perceptual cue when one considers variability in the rate at which people speak. Acoustically, the amplitude and f0 of the vowel following stop consonants are known to covary with the length distinction of stops in Japanese. Given this fact, the current study examined amplitude and f0 as potential secondary cues to the distinction. The results indicate that even though both amplitude and f0 are robust correlates, Japanese listeners do not use these cues in categorizing short versus long stops.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2023

일본어의 전통적인 어두 폐쇄음은 파열 전에 성대 진동을 동반하는 유성음과 파열 후에 약간의 기음을 동반하는 무성음으로 이분된다. 한편 도호쿠지방의 유성음은 어느 세대나 파열 전에 성대 진동을 동반하지 않고 무성화한 유성음으로 실현되어 다른 지역과 대조를 이룬다. 무성화한 유성음은 voice onset time(VOT)이 양값으로 나타나고 그러면 기존의 무성음의 VOT와 충돌하게 되어 카테고리 구별에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이에 대해 도호쿠지방의 화자는 생성 시에 다른 지역과는 달리 폐쇄음 구별에 후속 모음의 fundamental frequency(F0)를 적극적으로 사용하는 것이 여러 연구에 의해 확인되었다. 본 연구는 인지면에서도 F0가 폐쇄음 구별에 중요한 역할을 하고 있는지를 밝히기 위해 VOT와 함께 검토한 것이다. VOT와 F0를 재합성한 자극음을 사용하여 도호쿠지방 청자를 대상으로 조건을 달리한 여러 개의 지각실험을 실시하였다. 결과에서는 무의미어의 경우 지역차(도호쿠 지방 vs.주부 지방)는 유의하지 않았으나 유의미어에서는 어휘에 따라 F0 사용에 유의한 차이가 있었으며 이러한 차이는 F0를 적극적으로 사용하는 몇몇의 청자들에게서 기인하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 논의에서는 이들이 혁신 청자들로 여겨지며 이들을 중심으로 폐쇄음 지각에 F0 역할이 일반화되고 지각특성으로서 F0가 확립될 가능성에 대해 추론해 보았다.

• 복식
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• 제32권
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• pp.313-336
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• 1997

Nineteen stimulus photograghs varied in hue and color scheme of one clothing style of Korean dress worn by a female were used to investigate the effect of color color scheme and structure on impression formation for Korean dress. Subjects were 77 male and 86 female undergraduate and graduate students. The stimuli c9onsisted of two sets(cool and warm) of four similar color schemes two sets (cool and warm in Chima color) of five contrasting color schemes and one extra stimulus triad 3 hue base. Structures were de-fined by color schemes of Kit.Korum toward the color schemes of Jokori and Chima. Stimu-lus photogragh selected from Korean dress fashion magazines was managed and varied in hues and color schemes to Kit Korum Jokori and Chima according to Korean Standard Color through scanning and Adobe photoshop 3.0 program and then pictured through slide printer(HR-6000). Each subject assessed 19 stimulus color photographs with incorporated 7 point semantic differential response scale. The data were analyzed by frequency mean factor analysis t-test ANOVA and Scheffe test. Results indicate impression ofrmations are af-fected by clothing cues. 1) Four factors emerged to account for dimensional structure of impressions of female features on Korean dress. These four factors were titled as(1) preference.evaluation (2) individuality.attention (3) youth and (4) friendshio. The preference.evaluation factor was the largest including eleven adjectives and accounting for 29.62% of the variances. 2) Almost every clothing cue(color, color scheme, structure) had some effects on im-pressions formed But the color of Chima did not form the effects on impression of prefer-ence.evaluation factor. The effect of related color scheme was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of preference.evalation factor and friendship factor whereas the ef-fect of contrasting color scheme was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of indi-viduality.attention factor and youth factor. The effect of cool color of Chima was the most influential clothing cue on impression of indi-viduality.attention factor whereas the effect of warm color of Chima was the most influen-tial clothing cue on impressions of youth factor and friendship factor. The effect of Jokori/Chima.Kit.Korum structure was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of pref-erence.evaluation factor and youth factor whereas the effect of Kit.Korum/Jokori.Chima structure was the most influential clothing cue on impressions of individuality.attention factor and friendship factor. 3) The interaction effects were appeared among clothing cues. Significant interaction effects between color schemes(similar and contrasting) and colors of Chima(cool and warm were appeared on impressions of prefer-ence.evaluation factor imdividuality.atten-tion factor and friendship factor, Significant interaction effects between color schemes (similar and contrasting) and structures (Jokori.Chima.Kit.Korum; Jokori.Kit.Koru-m/Chima;Jokori/Chima.Kit.Korum;Kit.Korum/Jokori.Chima) were appeared on impressions of preference.evaluation factor youth factor and friendship factor. Signifi-cant interaction effects between colors(cool and warm) and structures were appeared on impressions of individuality.attention factor youth factor and friendship factor. Sighifi-cant interaction effects between colors(cool and warm) and structures were appeared on impressions of individuality.attention factor youth factor and friendship factor. Significant interaction effects among clothing cues(color color schemes and structures) were appeared on all impression factors. The friendship factor was the most friquently affected impression factor by interaction effects among clothing cues. In summary the clothing was used as nonverbal cues in the effect on impression for-mation of female dressed in Korean dress. it concluded that color schemes worked as cen-tral traits and colors of Chima and structures worked as peripheral traits in the formation of impression of the female clothed in Korean dress. hence organizing our impressions with respect to the parts of the Korean dress in re-lation to the whole holistic perceptual pro-cess Gestalt approach was used and supported.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.521-528
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• 1996

This presentation explores on the perceptual characteristics of the lateral sound /l/ in CV syllables. At initial position we found that /l/ has well marked formant transitions. Then several questions arise: 1) are these formant structures dependent on the following vowel\ulcorner. 2) Are the formant transitions giving an additional cue for the identification\ulcorner Considering that the French vocalic system presents a greater variety of vowels than Spanish, several experiments were designed to verify to what extent a more extensive range of vocalic timbres contribute to the perception of /l/. Natural emissions of /l/ produced in Argentine Spanish and Canadian French CV syllables were recorded, where V was successively /i, e, a, o, u/ for Spanish and /i, e, $\varepsilon$, a, $\alpha$, o, u, y, \phi$/ for French. For each item, the segment C was maintained and V was replaced by cutting & splicing by each of the remaining vowels without transitions. Results of the identification tests for Spanish show that natural /l/ segments with low Fl and high formants F3, F4 can be clearly identified in the /i, e, u/ vowel contexts without transitions. For French subjects the combination of /l/ with a vowel without transitions reflected correct identifications for its own original vowel context in /e, $\varepsilon$, y, $\phi$/. For both languages, in all these combinations, F1 values remained rather steady along the syllable. In the case of /o, u/ very likely the F2 difference lead to a variety of perceptions of the original /l/. For example in Ilul, French subjects reported some identifications of /l/ as a vowel, mainly /y/. Our observations reinforce the importance of F1 as a relevant cue for /l/, and the incidence of the relative distance between formants frequencies of both components.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

This study aimed to examine how Korean-English bilinguals make use of VOT and F0 cues in perception and production of Korean (lenis vs. aspirated) and English (voiced vs. voiceless) stops. It was explored whether bilinguals with extensive experience living in the U.S. exhibit native-like or interactive patterns in the cue use for both languages. Participants produced monosyllabic word-initial stops within a carrier sentence in each language, and performed forced-choice identification tasks with synthesized stimuli varying in 7 VOT steps and 7 F0 steps with base tokens of /$t^han$/ for Korean and /$t{\ae}n$/ for English. Listeners were required to select either /tan/ or /$t^han$/ for Korean and either /$d{\ae}n$/ or /$t{\ae}n$/ for English. The results from binary logistic regression analyses for each listener indicated that all bilinguals placed greater weight on F0 than VOT when distinguishing between the Korean lenis and aspirated stops, and greater weight on VOT than F0 in distinguishing between the English voiced and voiceless stops. In terms of production, all participants showed remarkably overlapping ranges in the VOT dimension and separating ranges in the F0 dimension for the stop contrast of Korean, while forming overlapping ranges in the F0 dimension and separating ranges in the VOT dimension for the stop contrast of English. These results indicate that the bilinguals with extensive exposure to L2 manage the stop systems of the two languages independently, both in perception and production, employing the opposite cue use for stops in the two languages. It was also found that the absolute beta-coefficient values of the perceptual cues for Korean stops were generally smaller than those for English and those reported in a previous study as for later bilinguals, which may have resulted from Korean not being their dominant language.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2017

The current study explored how Korean-speaking children processed the multiple acoustic cues (VOT and f0) for the stop laryngeal contrast (/t'/, /t/, and /$t^h$/) and examined whether individual perceptual strategies could be related to a general cognitive ability performing executive functions (EF). 15 children (aged from 7 to 8) participated in the speech perception task identifying the three Korean laryngeal stops (3AFC) on listening to the auditory stimuli of C-/a/ with synthetically varying VOT and f0. They completed a series of EF tasks to measure working memory, inhibition, and cognitive shifting ability. The findings showed that children used the two cues in a highly correlated manner. While children utilized VOT consistently for the three laryngeal categories, their use of f0 was either reduced or enhanced depending on the phonetic categories. Importantly, the children's processing strategies of a f0 suppression for a tense-aspirated contrast were meaningfully associated with children's better cognitive abilities such as working memory, inhibition, and attentional shifting. As a preliminary experimental investigation, the current research demonstrated that listeners with inefficient processing strategies were poor at the EF skills, suggesting that cognitive skills might be responsible for developmental variations of processing sub-phonemic information for the linguistic contrast.