• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to develop a practical and ideal model of science laboratory enrolled 48-60 students by studying optimal facilities such as laboratory tables and chairs proper to elementary school settings. The science laboratory model was figured out in terms of the following six procedures; (1) Current status as well as problems of science laboratory and its facilities was identified by means of the questionnaires conducted to 201 elementary schools, using stratified cluster sampling tehnique, under the consideration of the school size and the regional characteristics across the country. (2) Collected were the anthropometric data with respect to sitting height, popliteal height, buttock popliteal length, elbow rest height, and back width from the 747 students, 4th-6th grade, in Seoul area. (3) It was measured the work apace necessary for individual student to perform his experiment. (4) Using the data of the process (2), we determined the optimal sizes of laboratory tables and chairs fitted for Korean elementary school students. (5) The optimal area of science laboratory for 48-60 students is determined in terms of the data obtained in (3) for individual work space in addition to the appropriate table size figured out by (4). (6) A practical and ideal model for a science laboratory in elementary school was designed according to the above procedures. For the optimal model of science laboratory, the results of this study can be summarized as follows: The sizes of chair and table are categorized into three groups such as small, medium, and large depending on students' physical outfit. The small size base on the 12.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 0-25th percentile ranks. The medium size base on the 50th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 26-75th percentile ranks. The large size base on the 87.5th percentile point of students' sitting height is used for students of the 76-100th percentile ranks. (1) Sizes of chairs: The small size is 28cm in width and 33cm in height. The medium size is 31cm in width and 36cm in height. The large size is 35cm in width and 38cm in height. (2) Sizes of laboratory tables: The small size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 60cm in height. The large size is 120cm in length, 86cm in width, and 65cm in height. (3) Size of science laboratory: The optimal science laboratory for 48-60 elementary school students, which can install the 12 laboratory tables, is 12m in length and 10m in width.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.560-572
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality with regard to coffee consumption of college students in Incheon. The data were collected with a self-reports questionnaire with a total of 190 subjects, comprised with 101 male and 89 female college students. We classified these subjects into three groups using percentile of coffee intake to assess the nutrients intake and dietary quality. The correlations among coffee intake, food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality were evaluated. The average coffee intake of male and female college students were 156.8 mL and 157.4 mL, respectively. The coffee preferences with respect to specialty coffee were caramel macchiato, cafe latte, americano, cafe mocha, and cappucino in male college students, and caramel macchiato, americano, cafe mocha, cafe latte, and cappucino in female college students, in preference order. The coffee intake motivation score of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was higher than that of the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in emotion motivation and utilitarian motivation. The highest scores were 'flavor and aroma' in emotion motivation, and 'prevention of sleepness' in utilitarian motivation. The average food habits score of "I often eat the natural food" was significantly higher in the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between coffee intake and 'I purchase the processed food after examining nutrition labels' of food habits score (r = 0.280; p < 0.01) in female college students. The energy intake of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was significantly higher in that of the moderate 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in male college students (p < 0.05). Therefore, it may be necessary for college students to undergo a well-planned nutrition education regarding proper coffee intake, choice of coffee, energy intake related to coffee intake, and dietary habits.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

도로 이용자들은 도로의 불확실성을 고려해 통행계획 시 목적지에 일정한 시간 내에 도착하기 위해 추가 통행시간을 고려한다. 때문에 도로의 서비스 수준을 향상시키기 위해서는 기존의 소통측면 뿐만 아니라 변동성 측면의 정보의 제공을 통해 예측 가능한 도로를 만드는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 도로의 변동성을 계량적으로 나타내고 도로이용자가 쉽게 이용할 수 있는 통행시간 변동성 지표 개발이 필요하다. 최근 미국을 중심으로 교통 선진국에서 통행시간 변동성에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으며, 현재 변동성을 계량화하기 위한 지표에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행 중에 있다. 기존 연구에서는 변동성 지표 산출시 95th통행시간을 가장 중요하게 고려하고 있다. 본 연구는 평상시와 기상요인시를 비교분석하여, 기존 통행시간 변동성 지표 산출시 가장 중요하게 고려되는 95th통행시간이 국내 교통 환경에서 통행시간 변동성을 대표할 수 있는 지표인지 검토였다. 교통수준별로 구분하여 분석한 결과 기상요인 발생시 교통 수준이 낮은 LOS A~D 구간에서는 80th통행시간, 90th통행시간, 95th통행시간 모두 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 그중 95th통행시간이 가장 민감하게 변하는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.570-577
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bone mineral density on life styles, dietary habits and nutrient intakes among the male college students. The subjects were divided into four groups; $Q_1$ (calcaneus BMD < 25 percentile, n = 117), $Q_2$ (25 percentile $\le$ calcaneus BMD < 50 percentile, n = 118), $Q_3$ (50 percentile $\le$ calcaneus BMD < 75 percentile, n = 118) $Q_4$ (calcaneus BMD $\ge$ 75 percentile, n = 116). And they were asked about general characteristics, life style, dietary habit, and nutrient intake using questionnaire and 24-hr recall method. They were measured the bone mineral density of calcaneus using quantitative ultrasound. The average age of the subjects of the study was 23.0 yews and the average height, weight, and BMI were 174.7 cm, 69.0 kg, $22.5 kg/m^2$. The bone mineral density in calcaneus was $0.43 g/cm^2$ in $Q_1,\;0.50 g/cm^2$ in $Q_2,\;0.56 g/cm^2$ in $Q_3$, and $0.69 g/cm^2$ in $Q_4$ (p < 0.001). The results showed that $Q_1$ tended to have irregular exercise compared to the other three groups. Compared with $Q_1$ and $Q_2$, the frequency of skipping breakfast was lower in $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. Also the results showed that the $Q_4$ was significantly more often to drink coffee compared with the other three groups (p < 0.01). The mean daily energy intake was 2210.6 kcal ($88.4\%$ of RDA). The intake of energy, vitamin $B_2$, calcium, and zinc did not meet the Korean RDA. Also the $Q_2$consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p < 0.05) and plant protein (p < 0.05) compared to the $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. The $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin $B_2$ (p < 0.01) compared to the $Q_3$ and $Q_4$. In conclusion, male student in lower bone mineral density appeared to have unhealthy life styles and dietary habits in terms of irregular exercise, high frequency of skipping breakfast and lower intakes of protein, vitamin $B_2$ showing a strong need proper education on meal practices and exercise habits for the bone health.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 골격 성숙도를 평가하기 위해 3번째 손가락의 중간 지골을 이용하는 방법과 경추를 이용하는 방법 사이의 체질량 지수 백분위 수에 따른 일치도를 조사하는 것이다. 후향의 차트 분석을 통하여 체질량 지수 자료, 수완부 방사선 사진, 측방 두부 방사선 사진이 같은 날에 채득된 경우를 조사 대상으로 하였다. 조사 대상은 체질량 지수 백분위 수에 따라 4개 군으로 나뉘었다. 2가지 방법 사이의 체질량 지수 백분위 수 군에 따른 일치도는 가중치 카파 통계량을 계산하여 측정되었다. 전체 군에 대해 2가지 방법 간에 좋은 일치도를 보였지만 성별 및 체질량 지수 백분위 수 군에 따라서 일치도가 달랐다. 남자는 과체중 군에서 가장 큰 일치도를 보였으나 여자의 경우 저체중에서 비만으로 감에 따라 일치도가 더 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 어린이와 청소년의 성장을 평가할 때 성별과 체중 상태가 골령을 분석하는 2가지 방법의 일치도에 영향을 줄 수 있기 때문에 소아치과 의사는 이를 고려해야 한다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.47-50
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• 1991

We consider the .regression model H = h(x) + E, where h is an unknown smooth regression function ard E is the random error with unknown distribution F. in this context we present and eamine the asymptotic behavior of some nonparametric estimators for the percentile functions ζ$\_$p/(x)+ζ$\_$p/, where 0 < p < 1 and ζ$\_$p/ = inf {x : F{x} $\geq$ p}

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.551-562
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• 1995

We consider the iterated bootstrap method in regression model with heterogeneous error variances. The iterated wild bootstrap confidence intervla of the mean response is considered. It is shown that the iterated wild bootstrap confidence interval has coverage error of order $n^{-1}$ wheresa percentile method interval has an error of order $n^{-1/2}$. The simulation results reveal that the iterated bootstrap method calibrates the coverage error of percentile method interval successfully even for the small sample size.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1995

We construct the approximate bootstrap confidence intervals for reliability (R) when the distributions of strength and stress are both normal. Also we propose percentile, bias correct (BC), bias correct acceleration (BCa), and percentile-t intervals for R. We compare with the accuracy of the proposed bootstrap confidence intervals and classical confidence interval based on asymptotic normal distribution through Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that the confidence intervals by bootstrap method work better than classical confidence interval. In particular, confidence intervals by BC and BCa method work well for small sample and/or large value of true reliability.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.1304-1316
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• 2014

본 연구는 음료 651건 및 액상차 87건의 인공감미료 실측치(아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨 및 수크랄로스)와 제4기 국민건강 영양조사 중 영양조사의 섭취량을 이용하여 단위 체중당 비알콜성음료 섭취량이 가장 높았던 1~19세의 어린이 및 청소년을 대상으로 비알콜성음료를 통한 인공감미료의 추정식이섭취량(estimated daily intake, EDI)을 산출하여 평가하였다. 비알콜성음료의 섭취량은 어린이 및 청소년 6,082명 전체의 비알콜성음료의 평균소비자(average consumer)와 극단소비자(extreme consumer)의 섭취량을 파악하기 위하여 평균, 95 percentile 및 분포를 적용한 경우(시나리오 I)와 비알콜성음료를 섭취한 어린이와 청소년 1,074명의 섭취량 평균, 95 percentile 및 분포를 적용한 경우(시나리오 II)로 나누어 살펴보았다. 음료에 함유된 인공감미료의 건강 위해성 평가는 추정식이섭취량과 FAO/WHO에서 설정한 일일섭취허용량(acceptable daily intake, ADI)인 아스파탐 40 mg/kg bw/day, 아세설팜칼륨 15 mg/kg bw/day, 수크랄로스 15 mg/kg bw/day 값을 비교하여 %ADI로 평가를 하였다. 인공감미료의 인체노출량 계산에 필요한 몸무게는 국민건강영양조사 검진조사 자료를 이용하였다. 이때 위해도 평가방법은 평균과 95th percentile을 이용하는 단일값평가와 각 변수의 확률밀도함수(probabilistic density functions, PDFs)를 이용한 Monte Carlo simulation을 실시하여 확률평가를 하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 인공감미료는 아스파탐, 아세설탐칼륨, 수크랄로스가 평균 $3.21{\pm}28.36mg/kg$(ND~342.00 mg/kg, 검출률 1.4%), $1.94{\pm}12.55mg/kg$(ND~160.00 mg/kg, 검출률 4.5%), $6.18{\pm}23.27mg/kg$(ND~290.00 mg/kg, 검출률 10.8%) 함유되어 있었다. 또한 비알콜성음료에 함유된 인공감미료 중 아스파탐은 Min Extreme 분포, 아세설팜칼륨은 Logistic 분포, 수크랄로스는 Student's t 분포를 나타냈다. 비알콜성음료 섭취량은 어린이와 청소년 전체를 대상으로 한 시나리오 I에서는 대부분 Logistic 분포를 나타내었으나, 특히 소비자 집단만을 고려한 시나리오 II 경우에는 왼쪽으로 기울어진 Max Extreme 분포가 되었다. 체중은 시나리오 I이 Logistic 분포, 시나리오 II는 Beta 분포를 나타내었다. 그리고 시나리오 I에서 확률평가한 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스의 평균 추정식이섭취량은 각각 0.09, 0.01, 0.04 mg/kg bw/day였으며, 95th percentile 추정식이섭취량은 각각 0.30, 0.02, 0.13 mg/kg bw/day였다. 확률평가한 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스의 평균 %ADI는 각각 0.22, 0.04, 0.24이었고, 확률평가한 95th percentile %ADI는 각각 0.75, 0.13, 0.83으로 안전한 수준이었다. 시나리오 II에서 확률평가한 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스의 평균 추정식이섭취량은 각각 0.52, 0.03, 0.22 mg/kg bw/day였으며, 95th percentile 추정식이섭취량은 각각 1.80, 0.12, 0.75 mg/kg bw/day였다. 확률평가한 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스의 평균 %ADI는 각각 1.32, 0.22, 1.44였고, 확률평가한 95th percentile %ADI는 4.52, 0.80, 5.06으로 나타났다. 즉 비알콜성음료 섭취를 통한 인공감미료 중 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스의 노출수준은 일일섭취허용량(ADI)을 초과하는 인구집단은 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 시나리오 I II에서 아스파탐, 아세설팜칼륨, 수크랄로스의 평균 및 95th percentile %ADI는 모두 5.06이내로 낮은 수준이었다. 한편 섭취자군 중 인공감미료에서 검출률이 가장 높았던 수크랄로스의 경우 %ADI가 10 이상일 확률이 2.2%였다.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.60-68
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• 1997

Background : Medical records are used to assess clinical performance of physicians and quality of care. The contents which are written in medical records are considered as the objective evidences to know what the doctors think about the patient's problems. But the problem to use medical records as the assessment tools is the incompleteness of medical recording. The purpose of this study is to know if the completeness of medical recording is correlated to quality of care for inpattients and it can predict physicians's quality of care. Method : 32 clinical physicians reviewed 200 patients' medical records who were selected randomly from the inpatients who were admitted to the university hospital during July, 1995 and June, 1996. The reviewers used the structured evaluation questionnaires which were composed of two part. One part evaluated the completeness of the medical recording and the other evaluating appropriateness of diagnosis and treatment processes. We summated the scores of each items and calculated percentile scores. Results : The mean percentile score of completeness of the medical recording was 67.9% in 1995 and 79.8% in 1996. The mean percentile score of appropriateness was 52.2% in 1995 and 69.5% in 1996. This change between 1995 and 1996 was statistically significant. In non-surgical patients, the percentile scores of the completeness and those of the appropriateness were correlated positively and this correlation was statistically significant(p<0.05). In surgical patients, the positve correlation between the completeness and the appropriateness was also statistically significant(p<0.05). Discussion : In conclusion, the completeness of medical recording is considered as the good predictor of the quality of care for inpatients.