• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.501-513
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between general characteristics and the eating-out behaviors of 643 male/female industrial workers. The results of the study was summarized as follows. 1. The frequency rate of eating-out was higher for male than female, college graduates than high school graduates, high income earner than low income earner, and unmarried than married(p<0.05). 2. Average cost for eating-out was higher for male than female, for high educated and high income earner than low educated person. Age, married or not, personal health conditions and BMI, however, didn't make any difference in the average cost for eating-out. 3. Reasons fur eating-out was very different due to gender, age, degree of education income rate, married or not, BMI(p<0.05) but basically eating-out was due to get together with friends or colleagues. Also, people who thought they were not in good health answered that they did not eat-out in any conditions. Overweighted people ate out more often than normal or under-weighted people. 4. The method in gathering information about eating-out was different according to the level of education and whether married or not. On the other hand, gender, age, income rate, personal health condition and BMI did not make a big difference in its method. However, most People who Participated in the survey gathered information from people around them, such as friends/colleagues. 5. Taste was the most important factor in deciding the actual eating-out restaurant among the respondents and gender, age, level of education, married or not also made significant differences (p<0.05). 6. Besides personal health conditions and BMI, all the general characteristics including age made significant differences in selecting the most frequently visited restaurant. 7. Besides the personal health conditions, the transportation vehicle was different due to gender, age, level of education, income rate, married or not and BMI. As seen from the results, the eating-out behaviors mostly differed due to general characteristics. In order to searching for a new eating-out market, the general characteristics and the trend of the target customers has to be analyzed to activate the eating-out industry. In addition the need for highly nutritional food with low calorific value has to be emphasized along with the taste.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.117-132
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• 2014

This study examined the use of Facebook in United Arab Emirates. There were two objectives of this study. The first purpose was to identify the motive for the use of Facebook among people in U.A.E. This study conducted the survey using both qualitative and quantitative methods. One hundred eighty-three working people were used from the survey. Thirty-five questions identified from the interviews were used for the questionnaire design in quantitative method. Factor analysis showed six factors namely usefulness, usage, reliability, making new friends, ethical issue and openness of information. The total variance explained by all the factors was fifty-two percent. This study also examined the demographic variables whether they would play an important role in using the social network site. The study included two more variables, income and married status, which were not frequently examined by previous studies. MANOVA showed statistical significant differences (p < .01) across six factors. ANOVA results showed that gender variable affected only the factor of openness of information. Males were more likely to share their information compared to females. Income variable affected all the factors except the openness of information. The results showed that high-income people had the highest meanscores on three factors (usage, reliability, making new friends) while low-income people had the highest means on usefulness and ethical factors.Marital status had significant effects on usefulness, reliability, and ethical factors. Married people had the low scores on reliability and ethical factors. Lastly, education variable had no effect on all the factors examined.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.117-130
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• 2004

Poverty is an important issue, not only in developing countries but also in industrialised societies. In 1999 15% of the European population have been in risk of poverty and the number of people living in poverty in Germany continues to increase. As poverty concerns all aspects of life, it influences health, well-being and the nutrition of the people living on low-income. Although this problem is obvious, only few surveys have been conducted to analyse it and therefore there is only limited information on the nutritional situation and nutrition behaviour of the poor. A qualitative study, which looked closely at the nutrition behaviour of 15 low-income families, was carried out in Giessen, Germany. The results showed that the nutritional situation of poor families differs from that families with a higher income have, the reasons being that their scope for action is restricted by a shortage of money and that there is a lack of skills and knowledge to provide family members with adequate nutrition. Strategies to improve the nutrition situation of poor families should aim at encouraging them to acquire relevant information and appropriate skills to adopt a healthier diet within their financial, social and cultural constraints. Also there have to be socio-political arrangements, which improve existing financial and social provisions as well as preventive educational measures.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1990

Rapid industrialization has induced the migration of rural people to urban areas. Such migration has created enlarged the existing low income group. Residents of low income area have increased health risk owing to their poor living environment, low income. overwork and inappropriate health care. The general objective of this study was to group the pattern of medical care utilization of low income group. The specific objectives were to identify disease prevalence and medical care utilization of low income group. To meet the objectives of this study, household interview method was applied. A total of 1845 households in 5 areas such as Bongchon 5th Dong, Bongchon 2nd Dong, Sanggae 5th Dong, Sanggae 4th Dong, and Shinrim 7th Dong were visited and interviewed by field team during the period from April 19 to May 3. 1989. The major findings obtained from the information collected were as follows : The Number of room per household used was one to two rooms. The employment state of the head of household disclosed that 88.6% had a job and the remaining 11.4% were unemployed. The average monthly income was 502,770won. however, 30% of the total income was less than 300,000 won in Bongchon 5th dong area. and 34.5% in Shinrim 7th Dong area. 41.3% of households had debts, which was consisted of household expense(33.4%), income formulation(22.7%) and medical care cost(15.9%) etc. Prevalence rate of diseases during the preceding 30days before the date of the household interview was 387.7 per 1000 persons. The prevalence rate of female was higher than that of male. 8.9% of the sick persons wasn't receiving any medical treatment, and the main reasons of which were lack of economic availability(43.3%) and feeling of non treatment needed(33.7%). According to the study results it was found that the prevalence rate of chroic diseases and the disabled in low income resident areas was higher than that in the other areas. Therefore, the health status of this group should be improved through PHC approaches. In addition. in order to prevent the diseases and promote the health of those people, the health center as well as health subcenter should be strengthened.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing on the denture satisfaction in the low income elderly people. Methods: The subjects were 143 elderly people from 60 to 75 years old wearing dentures and receiving consistent follow-up in the public health center in Busan. A self-reported questionnaire was filled out by the elderly people from February 1 to March 1, 2013. The questionnaire consisted of denture satisfaction, social variables, and psychological variables. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18.0. The sociodemographic characteristics included gender, age, and chronic diseases. The recognition of oral health included pronunciation, denture maintenance, mastication ability, and education for denture care. The questionnaire was measured by Likert 5 scale. Results: Gender, chronic disease, denture care instructions, and the self-preception of the oral health after denture treatment were closely correlated with denture satisfaction(p<0.001). Age and the number of repairs were very important factor to denture satisfaction(p<0.05). Elderly women were more satisfied with denture than men and those who had no chronic diseases tended to be more satisfied with denture. Those who received oral care instructions were more satisfied with the denture than those who did not. The younger age group and no repairing prosthetic group tended to be more satisfied with the denture. Conclusions: It is important to provide the denture management services to the low income elderly when they demand the services. The national dental health policy must be focused on connection of the elderly people denture services with the public health center.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.113-137
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• 2018

This study examined relevant literature to review the concept of low-income class, its criteria and types. Based on the cases surveyed, the service status of public libraries for low-income class in South Korea was determined. Based on the findings of this study, we proposed new library services necessary for low-income class, such as the implementation of relevant programs aimed at resolving the digital information divide of low-income class, the introduction of employment programs for the self-economic-support for low-income class adults, and the introduction of reading and counseling therapy services. In addition, this study proposed five policies for activating library services for the low-income class: (1) To revise the act on library law so as to clarify the concept of low-income class, its criteria and types, (2) to revise the master plan for library development so as to bolster the library services for low-income class, (3) to conduct a national-level survey of the low-income class status and of the library service status, (4) to determine the actual features of the low-income class and their information demands, and (5) to prepare library services tailored to the diverse types of low-income class.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2013

Over the past three decades, neoliberalism has been pervasive and even normative in reorganizing housing systems, encouraging a decline in low-income housing. However, the way in which neoliberal prescriptions have impacted on housing processes has not necessarily been the same but has rather differed according to the indigenous social, economic, political, and institutional contexts of particular countries. In the case of Japan, neoliberalization has effectively combined with a traditionally residualized public housing to affect housing circumstances surrounding low-income people. This article explores transformations in low-income housing in Japan to demonstrate the importance of specific housing contexts in particular societies, in terms of looking at the impact neoliberalism has had on housing processes.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.100-111
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• 2011

u-City(ubiquitous city) pursuing competitiveness of city and improvement the quality of life needs high cost to build and operate it. But not all people get a benefit by u-City. It is important that low-income people have experienced information divide gain practical benefits in u-City. In this paper, first we selected suitable item of u-service for low-income people and then drew a order of priority using AHP method about legal and institutional conditions, possibility of technical realization, and the generalization. As a result, we prioritize to u-service for low-income people, that is the order is prevention for missing a dotard, safety of street, and information providing about job and employment.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the living experiences of low-income elderly living alone. Method: The data were collected through more than ten times of in-depth interview with 7 participants. The research question was "what is it like to experience your daily living?" The data were analyzed by Colaizzi's phenomenological analytic method. Results: Four main meaningful themes were identified: 1) The participants blamed themselves for their past lives, 2) They also felt sorry for being a burden on other's lives, 3) They considered diseases to be a natural part of life, 4) They felt worried and hopeless about the rest of their lives. Conclusion: This study revealed the living experiences of low-income elderly living alone. Further studies are needed to determine appropriate care and treatment. The authentic caring approaches are required with caring community people. Finally, this study may provide data for better recognizing the low-income elderly's experiences of caring in the community.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2018

this paper examined how old people manage their life under low income and governmental subsides around the world. Especially recently old people are more increasing than before nowadays in most of the contries. So we have confronted to the old people's low quality of their life without any added retire pension and regular incomes, governmental subsidies. Here, this paper analyzed how the old people consume their leisure time which they have so many time everyday. Their leisure and culture consuming quality was very low. now especially income substitution ratio to pension institution is very low in Korea. Moreover, inequality of income is very high between social classes in Korea which the problem should be amended in the near future. and social capital should be enhanced for old people to take a good living environmenst.