• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2017

Background: Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice. Methods: VG extract (VGE) was orally administered to mice at various dosages to evaluate its psychomotor (open-field and rota-rod tests), sedative-hypnotic (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test), anti-stress (cold swimming test), anxiolytic (elevated plus-maze test), and cognitive (Y-maze and passive-avoidance tests) effects. Results: VGE treatment increased the spontaneous locomotor activity, enhanced the endurance to stress, reduced the anxiety-like behavior, and ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. In addition, VGE treatment did not alter the motor balance and coordination of mice and did not potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleep, indicating that VGE has no sedative-hypnotic effects. The effects of VGE were comparable to those of the Korean Red Ginseng extract. Conclusion: VG, like other ginseng products, has significant and potentially useful psychopharmacological effects. This includes, but is not limited to, psychomotor stimulation, anxiolytic, antistress, and memory enhancing effects.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.191-195
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• 1987

The ductus arteriosus (Botallo's duct) is a vascular communication between the pulmonary artery near its bifurcation and the aorta distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. A surgical operation was tried in the shepherd dog which was affected by patent ductus arteriosus. The patient was six months old and weighed about 11kg. Pentobarbital sodium, 26 mg/kg was used intravascularly for the anesthesia. And then a respirator was used for the patient. The thoracotomy incision was made over the fourth intercostal space on the left and the ductus arteriosus was ligated twice. But the patient revealed ventricular fibrillation at three minutes after ligations of ductus arteriosus. So the cardiac massage was done after incision of pericardium and then the defibrillator was used for the defibrillation. But the patient was not recovered without effect. It was considered that if there is complication or cyanosis, the adaptability of surgical operation should be specially considered. Histologically, chronic passive congestion of liver was observed.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.13
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• 2019

Background: Contents of bioactive substances extractable from different parts of terrestrial plants vary enormously. Aim: To ascertain that parts of Withania somnifera other than its roots can also be used for prevention and cure of unavoidable stress triggered central hypersensitivity to pain. Material and Methods: Groups of male or female mice treated either with Withania somnifera extracts or with metformin, aspirin, imipramine, diazepam and niacin for 11 consecutive days were subjected to "foot-shock stress-induced hyperthermia" and "hot plate" tests on the 1st, 5th, 7th, and 10th days of the experiments. On the 11th day, they were subjected to tail suspension test and on 12th day pentobarbital hypnosis test. Results: Except for diazepam and imipramine, protective effects of all other tested drugs as well as of the Withania somnifera extracts against stress-induced central hypersensitivity to pain were accompanied by their preventive effects against foot-shock stress-induced body weight losses. All observed stress response suppressing effects of all test agents increased with increasing numbers of treatment days. However, mean duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep was shorter in the extracts treated groups and longer in the diazepam treated ones only. Conclusions: Reported observations reveal that pharmacological activity profile of Withania somnifera extracts in male and female mice are almost identical, and are not like those of several drugs currently often prescribed for the treatment of diabetes-associated comorbidities. Withanolides are not the only extractable bioactive constituents of Withania somnifera. The described bioassay system is well suited for pharmacological standardization of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2001

General pharmacological properties of (R)-JG-381 were examined in laboratory animals to investigate its safety profile. Administration of (R)-JG-381 (50 and 100 mg/kg) in mice and rats had no effects of general behaviors, central nervous system of the animals in test systems of pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, writhing syndromes induced by 0.7% acetic acid, chemo-shock produced by pentylenetetrazole, and, however, had mild effects on motor coordination. Heart rate and blood pressure were not changed by (R)-JG-381 treatment. (R)-JG-381 also showed mild effects on intestinal propulsion and gastric secretion. These results suggest that (R)-JG-381 dose not exert serious pharmacological effects.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1982

In order to investigate pharmacological actions of combined preparations of crude drugs, 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' were studied. The 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' using abdominal pain and convulsion of pediatric diseases are composed of Glycyrrhizae Radix and Paeoniae Radix alba. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang'(S-I) and parched 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang'(S-II) on anticonvulsive, analgesic, antipyretic and sedative actions. The results of this study were summarized as follows; Both 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' and parched 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' showed anticonvulsive effects against convulsions induced by strychnine, picrotoxine and caffeine. 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' and parched 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' also showed analgesic and antipyretic effects. Parched 'Jakyakgamcho-Tang' only prolonged the duration of hypnosis induced by sodium pentobarbital.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 1990

Chunggisan has been widely used in treatment of urticaria which is based on. Oriental Medical literatures. These studies were attempted experimental effects of chunggisan on the analgesia, sedation, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and isolated illeum of the experimental animals. The result of the studies were as follows: 1. The inhibitory effect was recognized on the Analgesic study by the Acetic acid Method in mice. 2. The spontaneous momentum of mice was restricted and the duration of Hypnosis induced by pentobarbital-sodium in mice was prolonged. 3. Anti-inflammatory effect was recognized significantly on the rat hind paws edema induced by dextran. 4. The inhibitory effect of leukocyte emigration was recognized by the CMC airpouch method of rats. 5. The inhibitory effect was noted on capillary permeability induced by histamin in mice. 6. Spontaneous mobilities in isolated ileum of mice were significantly suppressed, and contraction by acetylcholine, barium chloride and histamine were inhibited. According to the above results, it is expected that chunggisan can be widely used in treatment of urticaria.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.133-145
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• 2005

Eight species of bithyniids, Bithynia leachi, B. tentaculata, B. siamensis, B. misella, B. kiusiuensis, B. striatula, Bithynia sp. from Nepal and Gabbia australis were collected from 1957 to 1988. The samples were relaxed with pentobarbital and fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol. There was no significant difference in internal structure of soft body, except the male reproductive system. The alimentary canal of the bithyniids consisted of mouth, buccal mass, esophagus, stomach, intestine, rectum and anus. The heart consisted of an auricle and a ventricle, located at left side of the stomach in the visceral hump. The ctenidium comprised 40-70 subtriangular lamellae. Eight ganglia were located around upper esophagus. The female reproductive system comprised ovary, oviduct, spermaaheca, and albumin gland. The male reproductive system was composed of testis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, penial duct, and penis in order. Male was distinguished externally from the female by a bifid penis.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.344-348
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• 2006

The crude methanolic extract of the bark of Cerbera odollam Gaertn. was evaluated for its possible antinociceptive and neuropharmacological activities in animal models. At the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, the extract showed a significant antinociceptive effect in acetic acid induced writhing in mice comparable to that produced by aspirin, used as standard drug (P<0.001). The extract significantly reduced the time of onset of sleep (P<0.01) and potentiated the pentobarbital induced sleeping time in mice at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight significantly (P<0.001). It also decreased the open field score in open field test significantly at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight (P < 0.05). The obtained results tend to suggest the probable antinociceptive and neuropharmacological activities of the crude extract.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2002

A battery of neuropharmacological experiments showed the hot water extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Labiateae) had a depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS), but the aqueous extract showed no effect on it. The hot water extract reduced the spontaneous locomotor activity, exploratory head dipping, propulsive locomotion and exploratory ambulation as well as prolonged the pentobarbital induced sleeping time. The depressant effect starts from 60 minutes after the drug administration and continued to 180 minutes. The drug may exert central depressant effect by interfering with the function of the cortex.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.448-451
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• 2008

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle. is a well known medicinal plant among the indigenous medical practitioners of India. Present study is the first time to report the activity on the central nervous system. Preliminary study of the hot water extract showed significant depressant activity on the hole board test as evidenced from the ambulation and head dipping scores. The extract showed better activity compared to diazepam on the duration of pentobarbital induced sleeping time.