• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2000

Ground penetrating radar(GPR) was applied for measuring depths, sizes and intervals of rebars embedded in concrete. A concrete wall was constructed for this study and a sand pool and a concrete block were used for simulation. Result of this study shows that GPR can be used for measuring rebar depths and intervals, even though it is limitary, but that measuring sizes is almost impossible. Simulation with the sand pool was helpful for research on the versatile rebar arrays though signal was not clear as real concrete wall. A concrete block with many cylindrical holes for inserting different sized rebars could not be used for simulator due to many unknown reflective waves. Antenna orientation must be perpendicular to rebars for large reflection signal.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

Concrete is one of the most widely used structure materials. Concrete is like the motor of the construction industry. The remarkable feature of this Concrete is its cheapness and low energy consumption. Concrete alone does not show resistance against any force but only against compressive forces. Therefore, steel rebar product is used as a reinforcement and increase the strength of Concrete. It can be done by putting rebar in Concrete in different ways. Rebar rusting is one of the crucial symptoms that cause swift destruction in reinforced structures-factors such as moisture in concrete increase the steel corrosion rate. In most cases, it is difficult to compensate for the damage caused by the corrosion of base metals, so preventing corrosion will be much more cost-effective. Coatings made with nanotechnology can protect Concrete against external degradation factors to prevent water and humidity from penetrating the Concrete and prevent rusting and corrosion of the rebar inside. It prevents water penetration and contamination into the Concrete and increases the Concrete's quality and structural efficiency. In this research, silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticle coatings have been used due to their suitable electrical and thermal properties, resistance to oxidation, corrosion, and wear to prevent the corrosion of rebars in Concrete. The results of this method show that these nanoparticles significantly improve the corrosion resistance of rebars.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.339-351
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• 2022

A mortar-filled rectangular hollow structural section (RHS) can increase a structural section property as well as a compressive buckling capacity of a RHS member. In this study, the tensile performance of newly developed mortar-filled RHS members was experimentally evaluated with various connection details. The major test parameters were the type of end connections, the thickness of cap plates and shear plates, the use of stud bolts, and penetrating bars. The test results showed that the welded T-end connection experienced a brittle weld fracture at the welded connection, whereas the tensile performance of the T-end connection was improved by additional stud bolts inserted into the mortar within the RHS tube. For the end connection using shear plates and penetrating stud bolts, ductile behavior of the RHS tube was achieved after yielding. The penetrating bars increased load carrying capacity of the RHS. Based on the analysis of the load transfer mechanism, the current design code and test results were compared to evaluate the tensile capacity of the RHS tube according to the connection details. Design considerations for the connections of the mortar-filled RHS tubes were also recommended.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2024

철근 콘크리트 교량 바닥판은 차량 하중과 우수침투 등으로 가장 먼저 손상이 발생하며 제설염화물 등으로 인한 철근 및 기타 금속 부재가 부식되면서 콘크리트 열화가 주로 발생한다. 교량 바닥판의 시공 상태 및 포장 내부 바닥판의 열화는 지표투과레이더(ground-penetrating radar, GPR) 탐사 자료를 이용하여 평가하고 있다. 교량의 콘크리트 열화 상태를 평가하기 위해서는 철근의 위치 및 열화 지점을 정확하게 파악하기 위한 GPR 자료 해석 기술 개발이 필요하다. GPR 탐사에서는 지반 매질의 레이더파 전파 속도 차이에 의한 반사 및 회절파 신호를 취득한다. 그러므로 이 연구에서는 GPR 탐사 자료를 이용해서 지반 매질의 레이더파 전파 속도를 추정하고 교량 바닥판의 열화를 평가하기 위한 완전파형역산(full-waveform inversion, FWI) 기술을 개발하였다. 개발된 FWI 기술의 적용성은 콘크리트 박리 및 철근 부식과 같은 교량 바닥판 열화현상을 보여주는 GPR 속도 모델을 만들어서 수치 실험을 수행하여 검증하였다. 합성 GPR 자료로 역산한 결과 교량 바닥판의 철근 위치와 열화 지점을 역산으로 계산된 속도 영상으로 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 도시 시설물 지능형 유지관리를 위한 내부 철근 두께의 예측을 위해 GPR 데이터를 활용한 철근 두께 예측 기법에 관한 연구를 실시하였다. 국내의 규격 미달 철근의 사용 및 배근 시공과 같은 부실시공 사례에서 볼 수 있듯이, 철근 두께에 대한 정보의 경우 규격 미달 철근의 사용에 대한 구조물 정밀 안전진단을 위해서 꼭 필요함을 알 수 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 시편을 제작하여 철근 직경을 단계적으로 증가시켜 GPR의 B-scan 데이터를 취득하였다. GPR 의 B-scan 데이터는 가시성이 떨어지기 때문에 이를 migration을 통해 히트맵 이미지 데이터로 변화시켜 데이터의 직관성을 높이고자 하였다. 본 연구는 보편적으로 이용되는 B-scan 데이터와 히트맵 데이터의 합성곱 신경망(CNN) 적용 시 결과를 비교하기 위해 B-scan 및 히트맵 데이터에서 각각 철근에 대한 영역을 추출하여 학습 및 검증 데이터를 구축하였으며, 구축된 데이터에 CNN을 적용하였다. 그 결과, 히트맵 데이터의 경우 B-scan 데이터와 비교하였을 때 더 좋은 결괏값을 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 통해 GPR 히트맵 데이터를 이용하였을 경우 B-scan 데이터를 이용하였을 때보다 더 높은 정확도로 철근 두께를 예측할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 시설물 내부 철근 두께 예측의 가능성을 검증하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.345-350
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• 2001

Reinforced concrete is, in general, known as a high durability material due to a strong alkalinity of cement. Probable concrete cracks could incur steel corrosion of RC structures and then could easily deteriorate the concrete durability, which can be fully secured by a systematic quality control for the construction of concrete structures. For the corrosion protection of reinforcing steels in concrete, however, current design specifications of concrete cover depth do not in-depth consider the effect of the cracks as well as the chloride content of RC structures. Therefore, appropriate provisions for concrete cover depth should be coded by considering the influence of concrete cracks on the corrosion of reinforcing steels. The objective of this research is to investigate pertinent cover depth, which can prohibit rebar corrosion, on the basis of experimental corrosion measurements of reinforcing steels on crack characteristics such as the width, depth and frequency of concrete cracks.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.787-792
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• 2001

The chloride ion penetrating into concrete is classified as the fixed chloride ion being bound in reacting to cement hydrate and the free chloride ion having a direct effect on rebar corrosion because being in solution inside porosity of concrete. Therefore, in order to study the diffusion properties of chloride ion, it is needed to evaluate binding chloride ion in concrete. In this study, we tried to give a fundamental information on diffusion of chloride ion in concrete with mineral admixtures through analysis of micro-structure transformations in concrete and effects on binding of chloride ion in cement paste when mixed with fly-ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume etc. which are used to improve durability and permeability of concrete

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.679-688
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• 2017

A GFRP-concrete composite bridge deck is presented in this paper. This composite deck is composed of concrete and a GFRP plate and is connected by GFRP perfobond (PBL) shear connectors with penetrating GFRP rebar. There are many outstanding advantages in mechanical behavior, corrosion resistance and durability of this composite deck over conventional reinforced concrete decks. To analyze the shear and flexural performance of this GFRP-concrete composite deck, a static loading experiment was carried out on seven specimens. The failure modes, strain development and ultimate bearing capacity were thoroughly examined. Based on elastic theory and strain-based theory, calculation methods for shear and flexural capacity were put forward and revised. The comparison of tested and theoretical capacity results showed that the proposed methods could effectively predict both the flexural and shear capacity of this composite deck. The ACI 440 methods were relatively conservative in predicting flexural capacity and excessively conservative in predicting shear capacity of this composite deck. The analysis of mechanical behavior and the design method can be used for the design of this composite deck and provides a significant foundation for further research.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-34
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• 2015

One of the main causes of a limited use of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies in bridge deck assessment is the speed of data collection and analysis. The paper describes development and implementation of the RABIT (Robotics Assisted Bridge Inspection Tool) for data collection using multiple NDE technologies. The system is designed to characterize three most common deterioration types in concrete bridge decks: rebar corrosion, delamination, and concrete degradation. It implements four NDE technologies: electrical resistivity (ER), impact echo (IE), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and ultrasonic surface waves (USW) method. The technologies are used in a complementary way to enhance the interpretation. In addition, the system utilizes advanced vision to complement traditional visual inspection. Finally, the RABIT collects data at a significantly higher speed than it is done using traditional NDE equipment. The robotic system is complemented by an advanced data interpretation. The associated platform for the enhanced interpretation of condition assessment in concrete bridge decks utilizes data integration, fusion, and deterioration and defect visualization. This paper concentrates on the validation and field implementation of two NDE technologies. The first one is IE used in the delamination detection and characterization, while the second one is the USW method used in the assessment of concrete quality. The validation of performance of the two methods was conducted on a 9 m long and 3.6 m wide fabricated bridge structure with numerous artificial defects embedded in the deck.