• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2012

It has been suggested that probiotics could be useful for the prevention of symptomatic relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Interleukin (IL)-8 has been well recognized as one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines that could trigger inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics were investigated using a human epithelial cell line (HT-29). Probiotics from infant feces and kimchi were tested for their cytotoxicity and effects on adhesion to epithelial cells. The present results show that seven strains could form 70 % adhesion on HT-29. The probiotics used in this study did not affect HT-29 cell viability. To screen anti-inflammatory lactic acid bacteria, HT-29 cells were pretreated with live and heat-killed probiotics, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ($1{\mu}g/mL$) was then added to stimulate the cells. The cell culture supernatant was then used to measure IL-8 secretion by ELISA, and the cell pellet was used to determine IL-8 and toll-like receptor (TLR-4) mRNA expression levels by RT-PCR. Some probiotics (KJP421, KDK411, SRK414, E4191, KY21, and KY210) exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through the repression of IL-8 secretion from HT-29 cells. In particular, Lactobacillus salivarius E4191, originating from Egyptian infant feces, not only decreased IL-8 mRNA expression, but also decreased TLR-4 expression. These results indicate that Lactobacillus salivarius E4191 may have a protective effect in intestinal epithelial cells.

• Biomaterials Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2018

Background: The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regulated by many factors, including oxygen tensions, growth factors, and cytokines. Evidences have suggested that low oxygen tension seems to be an important regulatory factor in the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in various MSCs. Recent studies report that synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SDSCs) are a potential source of stem cells for the repair of articular cartilage defects. But, the effect of low oxygen tension on the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in SDSCs has not characterized. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on proliferation and chondrogenesis in SDSCs. Method: SDSCs were isolated from patients with osteoarthritis at total knee replacement. To determine the effect of oxygen tension on proliferation and colony-forming characteristics of SDSCs, A colony-forming unit (CFU) assay and cell counting-based proliferation assay were performed under normoxic (21% oxygen) or hypoxic (5% oxygen). For in vitro chondrogenic differentiation, SDSCs were concentrated to form pellets and subjected to conditions appropriate for chondrogenic differentiation under normoxia and hypoxia, followed by the analysis for the expression of genes and proteins of chondrogenesis. qRT-PCR, histological assay, and glycosoaminoglycan assays were determined to assess chondrogenesis. Results: Low oxygen condition significantly increased proliferation and colony-forming characteristics of SDSCs compared to that of SDSCs under normoxic culture. Similar pellet size and weight were found for chondrogensis period under hypoxia and normoxia condition. The mRNA expression of types II collagen, aggrecan, and the transcription factor SOX9 was increased under hypoxia condition. Histological sections stained with Safranin-O demonstrated that hypoxic conditions had increased proteoglycan synthesis. Immunohistochemistry for types II collagen demonstrated that hypoxic culture of SDSCs increased type II collagen expression. In addition, GAG deposition was significantly higher in hypoxia compared with normoxia at 21 days of differentiation. Conclusion: These findings show that hypoxia condition has an important role in regulating the synthesis ECM matrix by SDSCs as they undergo chondrogenesis. This has important implications for cartilage tissue engineering applications of SDSCs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.192-203
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• 2019

A study was conducted to determine the influence of feed form and microbial enzyme supplementation on energy utilization, bone quality, and amino acid and mineral digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Ross 308, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight diets formulated from commonly used ingredients in Tanzania. A 2 (pellet or mash) ${\times}$ 4 (control, Axtra XB, Quantum Blue (QB) and Axtra XB + QB enzyme) factorial array in a completely randomized design having six replicates per treatment (10 birds per replicate) was used. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms in a 3-phase; starter (0-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-35 days). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), metabolizable energy intake, net energy of production, energy retained as protein (REp), and efficiency of metabolizable energy use for energy and protein retention were higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets. The AME and REp was higher (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. Ash content, weight, length, width and breaking strength of tibia bones were highest (p < 0.05) in birds on pelleted diets. Tibia bone traits were improved (p < 0.05) when enzymes were included, particularly in a combination of QB and Axtra XB. However, potassium, magnesium, and zinc contents were highest (p < 0.05) when QB was supplemented. Digestibility of all amino acids was higher (p < 0.05) in birds supplied with pellets and with enzyme supplementation for most amino acids, except for serine. There was a positive interaction (p < 0.05) between feed form and enzymes on lysine and phenylalanine digestibility. Digestibility of Ca, P, K, S, Zn, and Fe was higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets, while those on mashed diets had higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of Cu and B. The digestibility of P, K, and Zn was highest (p < 0.001) when QB was added, while Ca, P, S, and B digestibility was highest when a combination of Axtra XB + QB was applied. Pelleted diets with or without enzymes improved energy utilization, digestibility of amino acids, and minerals, and increased bone strength in broiler chickens.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2023

The amount of dust generated during the dissolution of scrap in an electric arc furnace is approximately 1.5% of the scrap metal input, and it is primarily collected in a bag filter. Electric arc furnace dust primarily consists of zinc and ion. The processing of zinc starts with its conversion into pellet form by the addition of a carbon-based reducing agent(coke, anthracite) and limestone (C/S control). These pellets then undergo reduction, volatilization, and re-oxidation in rotary kiln or RHF reactor to recover crude zinc oxide (60%w/w). Next, iron is discharged from the electric arc furnace dust as a solid called Fe clinker (secondary by-product of the Fe-base). Several methods are then used to treat the Fe clinker, which vary depending on the country, including landfilling and recycling (e.g., subbase course material, aggregate for concrete, Fe-source for cement manufacturing). However, landfilling has several drawbacks, including environmental pollution due to leaching, high landfill costs, and wastage of iron resources. To improve Fe recovery in the clinker, we pulverized it into optimal -sized particles and employed specific gravity and magnetic force selection methods to isolate this metal. A carbon-based reducing agent and a binding material were added to the separated coarse powder (>10㎛) to prepare briquette clinker. A small amount (1-3%w/w) of the briquette clinker was charged with the scrap in an electric arc furnace to evaluate its feasibility as an additives (carbonaceous material, heat-generating material, and Fe source).

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.190-195
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• 1999

The crystallographic and magnetic properties of the system of $Fe_{1-x}Co_x$(x=0.2 and 0.4) prepared by microwave arc-melting with the maximum power of 3.5 kW and a iron-foil with thickness of 25 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ have been studied by the methods of X-ray diffraction and the measurement of the magnetic hysteresis using the vibrating sample magnetometer at room temperature. The samples were prepared in three different ways: First, pellet form pressed under the pressure of 9,000 N/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Second, the sheet cold rolled. Third, thin sheet treated with the temperature of 90$0^{\circ}C$. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample prepared by the first method shows that the crystal structure of the sample is bcc as same as that of Fe with a good uniformity. The iron-foil has the coercivity of 43 Oe and the initial slope of magnetization of 0.328 emu/gOe. The coervicity and magnetization of the sample prepared by the second method increased as the Co content increased. But the initial slop of the magnetization decreased as the Co content increased. This means that the displacement of domain wall is suppressed by the increases of coercivity as the Co content increased. The saturation magnetization of the samples made by the third method increased. On the other hand, the coercivity of these samples decreased. The increase of saturation magnetization of the samples seems to be related to the changes in X-ray intensity after heat treatment. Also some magnetic parameters of the samples were calculated by using a simple model and compared with other values.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2015

Domestic companies supplying electricity must increase obligatory duty to use renewable energy annually. If not met with obligatory allotment, the electricity-supply companies must pay RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standards) penalty. Although the power plants using a pulverizing coal firing boiler could co-fire up to around 3 per cent with wood pellets mixed in with coal feedstock without any major equipment revamps, they recorded only about 60 per cent fulfillment of RPS. Consequently, USD 46 million of RPS penalty was imposed on the six power supplying subsidiaries of GENCOs in 2014. One of the solutions to reduce the RPS penalty is that the power supply companies adopt the co-firing of torrefied lignocellulosic biomass in coal plants, which may contribute to the use of over 30 per cent of torrefied biomass mixed with bituminous coals. Extra binder was required to form pellets using torrefied biomass such as wood chips, PKS (Palm Kernel Shell) and EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch). Instead of corn starch, 30, 50 and 70 per cent of Larix saw dusts were respectively added to the torrefied feedstocks such as Pinus densiflora chips, PKS and EFB. The addition of saw dusts led to the decrease of the calorific values of the pellets but the forming ability of the pelletizer was exceedingly improved. Another advantage from the addition of saw dusts stemmed from the reduction of ash contents of the pellets. Finally, it was confirmed that torrefied oil palm biomass such as PKS and EFB could be valuable feedstocks in making pellets through improved binding ability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1281-1281
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• 2001

Near-infrared (NIR) spectra have bean measured for high-density (HDPE), linear low-density (LLDPE), and low-density (LDPE) polyethylene in pellet or thin films. The obtained spectra have been analyzed by conventional spectroscopic analysis methods and chemometrics. By using the second derivative, principal component analysis (PCA), and two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis, we could separate many overlapped bands in the NIR. It was found that the intensities of some bands are sensitive to density and crystallinity of PE. This may be the first time that such bands in the NIR region have ever been discussed. Correlations of such marker bands among the NIR spectra have also been investigated. This sort of investigation is very important not only for further understanding of vibration spectra of various of PE but also for quality control of PE by vibrational spectroscopy. Figure 1 (a) and (b) shows a NIR reflectance spectrum of one of the LLDPE samples and that of PE, respectively. Figure 2 shows a PC weight loadings plot of factor 1 for a score plot of PCA for the 16 kinds of LLDPE and PE based upon their 51 NIR spectra in the 1100-1900 nm region. The PC loadings plot separates the bands due to the $CH_3$ groups and those arising form the $CH_2$ groups, allowing one to make band assignments. The 2D correlation analysis is also powerful in band enhancement, and the band assignments based upon PCA are in good agreement with those by the 2D correlation analysis.(Figure omitted). We have made a calibration model, which predicts the density of LLDPE by use of partial least square (PLS) regression. From the loadings plot of regression coefficients for the model , we suggest that the band at 1542, 1728, and 1764 nm very sensitive to the changes in density and crystalinity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2006

Improvements in understanding the effects of dietary fermentable carbohydrates and their interaction with supplemental feed enzymes and the feed manufacturing process may lead to reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from poultry manure. Starch digestibility has been improved by replacing ground wheat or barley with whole wheat or barley, but there was no consistent effect of cereal species or feed form on the pH value of the gizzard contents. Pelleting results in improvements in feed conversion from 0 to 12%. Starch digestibility has been reported to account for up to 35 % of the improvement in available metabolic energy as a result of xylase supplementation. Factors which affect starch utilization and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) absorption include the presence of anti-nutrient facto. (ANF) in grains, the nature of grain starch, NSP and the digestive capacity of animals. Improvements in feed production technology have been made in enzyme stabilization, allowing some dry enzyme products to be pelleted after conditioning at up to $87.69^{\circ}C$ and liquid enzymes to be stored in the feed mill for up to low months prior to use. The soluble NSP, arabinokylans and beta-glucans are partially degraded into smaller fragments by enzymes. With fragmentation, the water holding capacity is decreased, which leads to a reduction in digesta moisture, wet feces, and dirty eggs from hens fed diets containing viscosity-inducing ingredients.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 1981

Reinforced Calcium-alginate gel entrappment method for enzyme immobilization is described with an example of penicillin amidase from Bacillus megaterium KFCC 10029, a partially constitutive mutant of B. megaterium ATCC 14945. Penicillin amidase recovered from the fermentation broth by adsorption on celite is mixed with alginate and gelatin solution, and cast into a pellet or noodle form by coagulation in calcium salt solution followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Optimum pH and temperature of the immobilized enzyme preparation were 8.0 and 6$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Kinetic constants such as Km value and the inhibition constant of 6-APA and phenylacetic acid were 2.6 mM, 7.4 mM and 21.2 mM, respectively. The enzyme leakage from the adsorbent during operation was successfully prevented owing to the increase of physical strength of gel coat. The half lives in a column reactor were 6 and 30 days at the respective temperature of 4$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, which were the 6-8 fold increased values as compared with those of without entrappment. The results highly recommended the use of reinforced Calcium-alginate gel entrappment method for the enhancement of physical strength and the operational stability of alginate gel entrapped enzyme.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2006

We have prepared PP/Ba-ferrite composite fabrics by a melt-blown spinning method and investigated the relationship between the properties of PP/Ba-ferrite composite fabrics and melt-blown processing factors. A PP composite containing Ba-ferrite as a magnetic particulate filler was prepared in the form of pellet from PP resin and Ba-ferrite powder by melt compounding using a single extruder. Screw turning force (rpm), DCD (die-to-collector distance), and Ba-ferrite content were changed. We measured diameters of fiber, mechanical, thermal, and magnetic properties for the composited PP fabrics. The elongation was increased and a fiber diameter and tensile strength were decreased as the spinning distance increased or screw turning force decreased. The crystallinity was increased with increasing spinning distance according to XRD. It was assumed that the orientation of crystalline domain in the neat PP without ferrite was increased by drawing in mechanical direction, however, the orientation in the PP composite was decreased according to XRD analysis. We measured a magnetic property of PP nonwoven fabric containing Ba-ferrite powder. A coercive force, maximum magnetization, and residual magnetization are reduced with the spinning distance. According to the result of TGA measurement, the heat resistance was increased with the Ba-ferrite powder content and with decreasing the spinning distance.