• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2003

Objective : Prevalance of allergic rhinitis in pediatric population appear to be rising. About acupuncture and herbal medicine treatment on allergic rhinitis is occasionally reported, but few treatment of using herbal medicine distillate was reported. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of Tongkyu-tang distillate on pediatric allergic rhinitis. Methods : Twenty patients treated in our hospital between January 2002 and December 2002, treated with Tongkyu-tang distillate were studied. Result : We treated pediatrc allergic rhinitis with Tongkyu-tang distillate spray on nasal cavity. and so the symptoms of allergic rhinitis were improved effectively Conclusion : We had effective results of Tongkyu-tang distillate on pediatric allergic rhinitis comparatively. And we wish that much more new treatment methods of allergic rhinitis are investigated.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.15-26
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Intranasal acupuncture treatment in allergic rhinitis patients. Methods: This study was carried with the 42 pediatric allergic rhinitis who had been treated in our hospital. Inner young-hyang was used for the intranasal acupuncture points. Their nasal cavity was observed via anterior rhinoscopy. We induced patient's inferior turbiante bleeding by acupuncture. Patients nasal symtoms and QOL(quality of life) were assessed by the Total Nasal Symptom Score(TNSS) and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Korean Rhinitisian(QLQKR). Results: Total Nasal Symptom Score(TNSS) and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Korean Rhinitisian(QLQKR) were significantly improved. Conclusions: Intranasal acupuncture treatment is relatively effective in treating pediatric allergic rhinitis.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.12-26
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of traditional Korean medical treatment; acupuncture and herb therapy in pediatric allergic rhinitis patients. Methods: This study population was 69 pediatric allergic rhinitis patients who had been treated in ${\bigcirc\bigcirc}$ hospital. All the patients were asked to answer the questionnaires that consist of 10 questions about symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Results: 1. The total scores from the same questionnaire about allergic rhinitis symptoms were significantly improved after the treatment compared to the scores before the treatment(p<0.01). 2. The Nasal symptom, especially, nasal obstruction rhinorrhea had significantly improved in all groups of patients(p<0.01). 3. The effect of the treatment was better with spending more time with acupuncture. Conclusions: Traditional Korean medical treatment is relatively effective in treating pediatric allergic rhinitis.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.9
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• pp.546-555
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• 2020

Allergic rhinitis is a specific IgE mediated inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, characterized by symptoms such as rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal obstruction, nasal and eye itching, and sneezing. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis varies according to country, age, and surveying methods, but it seems to increase worldwide, also in Korea. Prolonged mouth breathing caused by allergic rhinitis can produce muscular and postural alterations, causing alterations on the morphology, position, growth direction of the jaws, and malocclusion. Also, mouth breathing leads to dryness of the mouth, causing various oral diseases; gingivitis, halitosis, inflammation of tonsil, increased risk of dental caries and dental erosion. In dental clinic, using rapid maxillary expansion to persistent allergic rhinitis patients with narrow maxilla can enlarge maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity anatomy, improving nasal breathing and reducing nasal cavity resistance. However, it is desirable to use along with otolaryngologic treatment. Dentists should be aware of the characteristics of allergic rhinitis and its effects on patients, and consider when planning dental treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.8
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• pp.373-383
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• 2021

Rhinitis is among the most common respiratory diseases in children. Nonallergic rhinitis, which involves nasal symptoms without evidence of systemic allergic inflammation or infection, is a heterogeneous entity with diverse manifestations and intensities. Nonallergic rhinitis accounts for 16%-89% of the chronic rhinitis cases, affecting 1%-50% (median 10%) of the total pediatric population. The clinical course of nonallergic rhinitis is generally rather mild and less likely to be associated with allergic comorbidities than allergic rhinitis. Here, we aimed to estimate the rate of coexisting comorbidities of nonallergic rhinitis. Nonallergic rhinitis is more prevalent during the first 2 years of life; however, its underestimation for children with atopic tendencies is likely due to low positive rates of specific allergic tests during early childhood. Local allergic rhinitis is a recently noted phenotype with rates similar to those in adults (median, 44%; range, 4%-67%), among patients previously diagnosed with nonallergic rhinitis. Idiopathic rhinitis, a subtype of nonallergic rhinitis, has been poorly studied in children, and its rates are known to be lower than those in adults. The prevalence of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome is even lower. A correlation between nonallergic rhinitis and pollution has been suggested owing to the recent increase in nonallergic rhinitis rates in highly developing regions such as some Asian countries, but many aspects remain unknown. Conventional treatments include antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and recent treatments include combination of intranasal corticosteroids with azelastin or decongestants. Here we review the prevalence, diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment recommendations for nonallergic rhinitis versus allergic rhinitis in children.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 2019

Objectives : This review determines the evidence of effectiveness and safety of Chuna manual therapy (CMT) for pediatric allergic rhinitis. Methods : We searched 12 electronic databases (Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CAJ, J-STAGE, RISS, DBpia, NDSL, KISTI, KISS, and KMBASE) and two related journals up to the end of April, 2019. We only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating CMT for the treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis. The methodological quality of the included RCTs was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool 1.0. Results : Twelve RCTs were eligible in our inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of five studies demonstrated positive results for the using CMT for the treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis. When used in conjunction with traditional Chinese medicine, CMT treatment significantly improved total efficacy rate compared with traditional Chinese medicine alone (P<0.02, n=5). Conclusions : Based on a published meta-analysis, there is reliable evidence for the use of CMT in treating pediatric allergic rhinitis. However, it should be noted that the studies included in this systematic review were heterogeneous and were of low quality, warranting further investigation using well-designed RCTs.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.593-601
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• 2006

Allergic rhinitis is a common disease of childhood characterized by nasal, throat, and ocular itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion. Those affected with allergic rhinitis often suffer from associated inflammatory conditions of the mucosa, such as allergic conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, asthma, otitis media with effusion, and other atopic conditions, such as eczema and food allergies. Allergic rhinitis must be diagnosed and treated properly to prevent complications and impaired quality of life. Despite a high prevalence, allergic rhinitis isoften undiagnosed and inadequately treated, especially in the pediatric population. The first step in treatment is environmental control when appropriate. It may be difficult to eliminate all offending allergens effectively to reduce symptoms, so medications are often required. Many different classes of medications are now available, and they have been shown to be effective and safe in a large number of well-designed, clinical trials. Antihistamines are effective in treating immediate symptoms of sneezing, pruritus, watery eyes, and rhinorrhea. Second generation antihistamines are the preferred antihistamines because of their superior side effect profile. Thus, decongestants are commonly used with oral antihistamines. Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective therapy for allergic rhinitis. Leukotriene modifier may be as effective as antihistamines in treating allergic rhinitis symptoms. Cromolyn sodium is an option for mild disease when used prophylactically, and ipratropium bromide is effective when rhinorrhea is the predominant symptom. When avoidance measures and medications are not effective, specific immunotherapy is an effective alternative. Only immunotherapy results in sustained changes in the immune system. Because of improved understanding of the pathogenesis, new and better therapies may be forthcoming. The effective treatment of allergic rhinitis in children will reduce symptoms and will improve overall health and quality of life, making a happier, healthier child.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.335-339
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• 2007

The link between upper airway disease (allergic rhinitis and sinusitis) and lower airway disease (asthma) has long been of interest to physicians. Many epidemiological and pharmacological studies have provided a better understanding of pathophysiologic interrelationship between allergic rhinitis and asthma. The vast majority of patients with asthma have allergic rhinitis, and rhinitis is a major independent risk factor for asthma in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The association between sinusitis and asthma has long been appreciated. Through the recent evidences, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and asthma may not be considered as different diseases but rather as the expression in different parts of the respiratory tract of same pathological process in nature. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between asthma and upper airway diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely discovered. The implications for the one-airway hypothesis are important not only academically but also clinically for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.77-89
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze Korean clinical studies in Korean medicine and complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis and to propose for better methods of clinical studies and effective treatments on allergic rhinitis. Methods Electronic researches were performed with NDSL, RISS, KISTI, KISS, OASIS by keyword 'Allergic rhinitis'. Results The treatments used in 36 studies were herbal medicines, acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, moxibustion, cupping, inject medicine to nasal cavity, aroma therapy, ointment, nasal cleansing solution, laser treatment, infra-red therapy, oxygen nebulizer, diet treatment, moxa-pellet treatment, mindfulness meditation and space-spine manipulation techniques. The most common acupoints were LI4 and LI20 (Large Intestine Meridian). The most common methods of assessment is subjective nasal symptoms. All studies using subjective nasal symptoms and quality of life as assessment methods to show valid results on the improvement of allergic rhinitis. Conclusions This study shows that Korean medicine and complementary and alternative medicine on allergic rhinitis are effective. It will be expected to use that various methods for allergic rhinitis and more clinical studies for allergic rhinitis and pediatric patients needed in the future.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2001

Background : Allergic rhinitis is found in approximately 20% of the general population. And the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the pediatric population also appears to be rising. Despite allergic rhinitis reportedly occurs very frequently, this disease is often overlooked or undertreated. The oriental medicine, allergic rhinitis is belong to the BiGu, BunChe. The symptoms are watery rhinorrhea, sneezing and nasal obstruction. The cause of disease is the weak of lung, spleen and kidney, and invasion in to nasal cavity of Poong Han etc a wrong air. Objective : To allergic rhinitis patients, we use herbal medicine and acupuncture treated. To demonstrate the effect of oriental medicine therapy in the allergic rhinitis before and after treatment. Materials and methods: Thirty five patients (18 male and 17 female) treated in our hospital between February 2001 and October 2001 were studied. Ages ranged from 10 to 56 years (mean age : 27 years). Seventy seven patients had a underlying family history (allergy or sinusitis of parents or brothers). In the past history, 63% patients have atopic disease. Illness period was from 1 month to 20 years (mean period : 5.7 year). Mean duration of treatment were 39 days. Gamihyunggyeyungyo-tang was administered mainly. Result : The symptoms of allergic rhinitis were nasal obstruction(94%), rhinorrhea(86%), itching(80%), sneezing(60%), eye itching(17%), headache(11%), nose bleeding(8%) and nose pain(6%). Compared with before and after treatment, the fourth symptoms of allergic rhinitis - sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction and itching- improved significant statistically. (significant <0.005) Conclusion : We know that herbal medicine therapy and acupuncture were the effective treatment of Allergic rhinitis.