• Title/Summary/Keyword: pear tree

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The Characteristics of Natural Landscape of Gaesung as Reflected in the Geographical Names (지명 속에 나타난 북한 개성시의 자연경관특성)

  • Lee Young-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.41 no.3 s.114
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    • pp.283-300
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    • 2006
  • Gaesung city of North Korea is meaningful because of the development of Gaesung industrial complex as a peace-building project and economical cooperation works between South Korea and North Korea. This article presents the characteristics of natural landscape of Gaesung through geographical names. This research was studied by literature analysis of North Korea, depth interview of North Korean labour and refugees, and second times fieldwork. The main results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the mountain landscape of Geasung revealed on geographical names characterized mountainousness and round shape. Especially, the places where are enclosed by mountain and streams are foggy and rocky. Next the landscape of stream characterizes sandy, unstable, and tidal river. Thirdly the fauna and flora which are reflected on geographical names are hawk, snake, tiger, homed owl, snapping turtle, chestnut tree, pine tree, pear tree, zelkova tree, and willow etcetera. The environmental conditions of habitation of these are similar to the natural environment of Gaesung. Besides, the geographical names related to soil distributed in northern mountain area of Geasung. The place names implicated cliff located on the riverside. In addition to this, the geographical name of 'Bul' implicated plain distributed in the riverside of 'Seoam' which a branch stream of 'Sacheo'. And the place names related rock located in place enclosed by mountain, river, and village. In cnclusion, Gaesung is more important to us as the Gaesung industrial complex and tourism development. But the fundamental research on Gaesung is a few because Gaesung belongs to North Korea. Therefore, this research will be useful for the control and management of Gaesung in the future.

Chaucer′s Extraordinary Fabliau: The Merchant′s Tale

  • Thomas, Paul R.
    • Lingua Humanitatis
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.109-128
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    • 2002
  • The six fabliaux of the Canterbury Tales are a notable artistic achievement. Of all of them, however, the Merchant's Tale is the most notable to show Chaucer's development of the scope of this genre. We will look briefly at the characters of the fabliau narrators who are crucial to Chaucer's drama of relationships in the course of the Canterbury pilgrimage framework. To distinguish the accomplishment of the Merchant's Tale, we will consider the relative merits of each of the other five fabliaux in the Canterbury Tales. The least flawed of the fabliau narrators, the Merchant will tell a powerful tale about an old man's lust turned into a hasty marriage gone wrong that aims its satire at the noble ruling class of the land, not the usual targets of Chaucer's or most other writers' fabliaux. Further, unlike the light-hearted and dismissable endings of the other Chaucerian fabliaux, the Merchant's Tale has what we will call an Act 6 of continued deception at all corners of the love triangle represented by the senex amans January, his young wife May, perhaps now pregnant after her tryst with Damyan in the pear tree, and the still present young lover Damyan. This triangle of mutual deception will continue into the unknown future under the male and female forces at odds as personified in the king and queen of fairies, Pluto and Proserpina.

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The Historical Study of Korean Traditional Funtional Food (한국의 전통적 기능성 식품의 이용에 대한 역사적 고찰)

  • 한복진
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.235-255
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    • 1996
  • Natural substances, exploited in our daily life, have been applied to drugs to treat diseases and developed to functional foods by appropriate preparations, and these foods give beneficial effects on physical activities. In this paper, the utilization of traditional functional foods was studied with refer ring to old ancient writings published in the front-end of Chosun dynasty. The utilized vegetables were march mallow, turnip, radish, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, spinach, cucumber winter buds, flesh of a cabbage, eggplant, taro, burdock, Parsley, watershield plant, crown daisy, bamboo shoots, garlic, scallion, onion, acorn, bark of a tree, white goosefoot leaf, leaf of bean, pine mushroom, bracken. yam, mugwort, tea, ginseng, peppermint, fruit of the Maximowiczia chinensis, smartweed and pepper. The utilized fruits were chestnut, Chinese date, pine nuts, walnut, gingko nut, citrus. crab apple, pear, peach, grape, pomegranate, plum, Chinese quince, fig and watermelon. The utilized cereal were rice, barley, bean, buckweat and Job's-tears. The utilized sweetenings and seasonings were honey, wheat-gluten, sugar, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar. Our ancestors had a balanced diet using the various foods, and especially had a fundamental concept of "Foods have the efficacy of a remedy".edy".uot;.

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The Export-import Trends of Agricultural Products in Malaysia (말레이시아 농산물 수출입 동향)

  • Kim, Choong-Soo;Lee, Sok-Young
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.97-106
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    • 2006
  • To strengthen the competitiveness of agricultural sector of the Korea, the direction of market trends on agriculture of the Malaysia was reviewed. The most dominating agricultural area in value is palm oil products, and forest products, sea products poultry products and rubber products is in order. The cultivated area of highest two top plants, oil palm and rubber, was about 4.4 million hectares in 2005, but it is decreasing year by year. Comparatively, rice field, pine apple and fruits tree cultivating area is increasing in tendency by the year. Among all the agricultural products, those items such as pork meat, poultry, egg were self-sufficient, rice, fruits, vegetables and sea products were about 70 to 80% self-sufficient, and beef meat, goat meat and milk were below 20% self-sufficient. Most of the grains, such as wheat, rice, barley, corn etc. and their processed food were imported. Also, temperate fruits such as apple, pear, and water cultivated as well as sprouting vegetables are imported. Ornamental products as cutting flowers and orchids are exported to mainly to the Singapore, but high quality temperate fruits and vegetables are imported from Australia. Oil palm exportation covers the balance of the other items imported and obtaining the foreign money as well in Malaysia.

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Two New Species of Placolecis (Lichenized Ascomycota) from China

  • Yin, An Cheng;Wang, Xin Yu;Liu, Dong;Zhang, Yan Yun;Yang, Mei Xia;Li, Li Juan;Wang, Li Song
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.401-407
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    • 2019
  • Two new species of the lichen genus Placolecis are discovered in China, namely P. kunmingensis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang and P. sublaevis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang. The new combination P. loekoesiana (S.Y. Kondr., Farkas, J.J. Woo & Hur) An. C. Yin is proposed. Placolecis kunmingensis is characterized by having simple, spherical or ellipsoid, hyaline spores, and pear-shaped pycnidia; while P. sublaevis can be distinguished by its thallus forming larger aggregations with slightly flattened lobes at the thallus margin, and urn-shaped pycnidia. Descriptions, a phylogenetic tree and a key are provided for all the known Placolecis species in China.

Effects of Fermented Soybean Extracts and Rain-shelter System on Growth and Disease Occurrence of 'Niitaka' Pear (발효 콩 추출물과 비가림 시설이 '신고' 배나무의 생육과 병해충 발생에 미치는 영향)

  • Lim, Kyeong-Ho;Kim, Byeong-Sam;Kim, Deok-Hyeon;Son, Jang-Hwan;Park, Shin;Cho, Dong-Ho;Jung, Seok-Kyu;Choi, Hyun-Sug
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.557-570
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    • 2016
  • Growth of 6-year old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees and control of insect and disease occurrences were compared between fermented soybean extracts and rain-shelter system for two years. Foliar application of fermented soybean extracts was applied at 6 times as a pre-experiment in the open-field in 2013, with a rain-shelter system in 2014. Fermented soybean extract treatment increased foliar concentrations of approximately 0.46% T-N, 0.17% K, 0.19% Ca, and 0.06% Mg in 2013 compared to the control, with similar macro-nutrients between the control and soybean extract treatment observed in 2014. Rain-shelter system increased foliar concentrations of T-N, Ca, and Mg compared to the open-field. There were no significantly different between the control and soybean extract treatment for number of leaves per fruit, leaf dry weight, phytotoxicity, and completed shoot growth on August during the two years. Rain-shelter system increased leaf dry weight and did not affect phytotoxicity in the leaves. Fruit quality parameters were mostly similar to control and soybean extract treatment for two years, with higher fruit firmness observed for soybean extract treatment. Rain-shelter system advanced 4 days of harvest dates, and increased approximately 7.0 ton fruit yield per ha, 20 g mean fruit weight, and fruit soluble solid contents compared to open-field in 2014. Soybean extract treatment little suppressed occurrence of disease and insect on the leaves and fruits in both years. Rain-shelter system increased occurrence of Venturia nashicola on the leaves and to 63.8% of Gymnosporangium asiaticum on the fruits in 2014. Strong winds and storms in May elevated relative humidity in the rain-shelter system and caused high infection of the disease occurrence, requiring for an additional green control method. Soybean extract treatment little affected tree growth and would have initiated for a long-term study to evaluate tree physiological characteristics. Rain-shelter system improved fruit productivity and advanced harvest dates, which could have been more effective facility at a Thanks Giving Day between middle and end of September.

Effect of Carbonized Biomass Derived from Pruning on Soil Carbon Pools in Pear Orchard (배 과수원에서 전정가지 유래 탄화물 시용이 토양 탄소 축적에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sun-il;Lee, Jong-sik;Kim, Gun-yeob;Choi, Eun-jung;Suh, Sang-uk;Na, Un-Sung
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.159-165
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    • 2016
  • BACKGROUND: Carbonized biomass is increasingly used as a tool of soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon storage to application of carbonized biomass derived from pear tree pruning.METHODS AND RESULTS: The carbonized biomass was a mobile pyrolyzer with field scale, which a reactor was operated about 400~500℃ for 5 hours. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06 Mg/ha, C-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha, C-2. It was shown that the soil carbon pools were 49.3 Mg/ha for C-1, 57.8 Mg/ha for C-2 and 40.1 Mg/ha for the control after experimental periods. The contents of accumulated soil carbon pool were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with enhancing the carbonized biomass input amount. The slopes (1.496) of the regression equations are suggested that carbon storage from the soil was increased about 0.1496 Mg/ha with every 100 kg/ha of carbonized biomass input amount.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that application of carbonized biomass would be increased the soil carbon contents due to a highly stable C-matrix of carbonized biomass. More long-term studies are needed to be proved how long does carbon stay in orchard soils.

Effects of Soil Chemical Properties in Orchards on 'Niitaka' Pear Quality (과원토양의 화학적 환경이 신고 배의 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Ik-Youl;Chang, Tae-Hyun
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.253-259
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    • 2008
  • Soil environmental conditions can affect nutrient availability during growth stage of tree fruit. We investigated the cause of disorderd fruit by the influence of soil chemical properties in orchard soil, composition of mineral nutrient in leaves and fruit to occur physiological disorderd fruit at four locations (Ulsan, Gyeongju, Pyeongtaek, Ansung) compared to healthy. There were significantly different (P=0.05) in exchangeable Ca, K, Mg and total nitrogen content in orchard soil between physiological disordered fruit and healthy fruit. The exchangeable Ca content in orchard soil caused by physiological disordered fruit was statistically lower than that of healthy fruit. However, exchangeable K, Mg and total nitrogen contents were higher than that healthy (P=0.05). There was a significant difference (P=0.05) in Ca content between physiological disordered fruit and healthy. Ca content in fruit flesh of physiological disorderedfruit was statistically lower than that of healthy. The physiological disordered fruit was a higher ratio of Mg/Ca in fruit flesh and peel compared to healthy fruit and also the ratios of N/Ca and K/Ca in a leaf were higher. The negative correlation between Ca and K, and Ca and Mg was detected in the fruit flesh of physiological disordered fruit. Therefore, we concluded that insufficient Ca content in fruit may cause 'the physiological disorder' pomelo disease and high content of N, exchangeable K and Mg ion in the soil solution might be disturbs exchangeable Ca ion to be absorbed in fruit.

Studies on Mechanism and Damage Occurrence for Foliar Spray of NaCl Solutions in Fruit Trees (NaCl 엽면살포에 따른 과수의 피해양상과 기작에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Seung-Heui;Song, Gi-Cheol;Park, Jeong-Gwan;Park, Moo-Yong
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.352-358
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    • 2006
  • We investigated the mechanism on occurring of briny injury in four fruit species (apple, pear, grape, peach). Briny injury of apple, pear, peach, and grape was induced by the foliar splay of saline solutions. Browning symptom was initiated one hour after the spray of 3% NaCl in apple, pearl and peach trees. while two hour were needed for grape, but the latter developed the symptom faster than the formers. Foliar spray of 3% NaCl resulted in 4-fold increase in ethylene production 24 h after the spray, and the production was returned to early stage rate after 72 h. Ethylene production of control was nearly constant with slight decrease after 4 h. Browning and defoliation response to the spray of 3% NaCl on lower side were not different from the spray on both sides regardless of fruit species, while no injury symptoms occurred by the spiny on upper side. In saline damage for treated date, lateral bud was only germinated in apple at 30 July. A shoot apex was 100% grew in all fruit tree. In result for hormonal content of leaf and shoot apex, control was high t-zeatin content in leaf. However, IAA and ABA content was increasing in high saline concentration.

Fruit Productivity and Cold Hardiness as Affected by Fruit Setting of 'Wonhwang' Pear Trees ('원황' 배의 착과량 조절이 과실생산성과 내한성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Byeong-Sam;Cho, Kyung-Chul;Ma, Kyung-Chul;Yun, Bong-Ki;Jung, Seok-Kyu;Choi, Hyun-Sug
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.64-71
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    • 2017
  • The study was performed on the effects of crop load of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees on shoot growth, reserved nutrients, and fruit production for two years, as well as regrowth of cuttings treated with various cold temperatures in 2012 and 2013. Crop load adjustments included three levels of fruiting; 54 (60%), 90 (100%), and 126 fruits per tree (140%). As increasing crop load from 60% to 140%, water sprout growth decreased, and one-year old shoot resulted in declined concentrations of total carbon, macro-nutrients, and free sugar. The 140% of crop load greatly increased fruit yield of approximately 35 tons per ha in both 2011 and 2012 but slightly reduced weight, size, and soluble solid contents in fruit. However, 140% of crop load increased annual production income to approximately over 10 million won compared to the 60% and 100% of crop load. Germination rates in the cuttings did not rapidly decrease up to $-20^{\circ}C$ in a growth chamber condition. The 140% of crop load decreased germination rates less than 70% of cuttings grown under $-30^{\circ}C$. Amounts of electrolyte leakage in the cuttings under various cold temperatures were not significantly different among the adjustment of crop load.