• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.163-174
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• 2002

Peanut is one of the principal oil seeds in the world as a rich source of edible oil and protein. Peanut quality arises as a result of a complex interaction of genetic, physiological and biochemistry processes that produce the chemical composition of the peanut seed. The major factors influencing seed quality are degree of maturity and digging and drying, curing and storage as a series of harvesting. The end products, peanut butter, salted seed, confections, roasting stock and by-products are favored in world-wide because of their unique roasted peanut flavor, Literatures are reviewed mainly focusing on the physiological properties and nutritional quality of oil, protein and flavor in peanut. Chemical properties of protein and oil, and volatile flavor component in peanut seeds are studied. The objectives of this paper were to review and summarize the results obtained from the improving quality breeding program and evaluation of the chemical composition in peanut up to now.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.s01
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• pp.64-85
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• 1988

Peanut seeds are characterized by high oils and proteins with good quality, and are utilized as an edible oil source and a protein-rich food products. The end products, being peanut butter, salted seed, confections, roasting stock and other by-products are favored in world-wide because of their unique roasted peanut flavor. As with many other foods, interest in the composition and chemistry of peanut is largely a result of thier use as human food. Thus, a more complete knowledge of thier chemical and food quality and flavor properties is desired. Literatures are reviewed mainly focucing on the physicochemical properties and nutritional quality of oil, protein and flavor in peanuts. Chemical properties of protein and oil, and volatile flavor component in peanut seeds are studied extensively in view point of chemical and food nutritional value. But in crop base, the synthesis and genetic studies of the chemicals could not provide valuable informations on the breeding for quality improvement. Some essential amino acids are limiting in peanut seeds and the tocopherols are very important in oil stability and for dietary adequacy ratio in high linoleic acid peanut oil, but it is thought to be quite difficult to improve by breeding technique as their lack information of gene actions. However, the selections of high protein and oil, and some essential amino acids and linoleic acid rich genotypes could be helpful for the quality improving. Research studies are also needed to elucidate the relationships between flavor components and consumer perception of peanut flavor.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.553-557
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to establish an extraction and analysis method for $\alpha$-tocopherol, and to then distinguish among varieties. The $\alpha$-tocopherol contents of 22 varieties of peanut seeds were analyzed by HPLC. Peanut seeds of cv. Palkwang were processed in two ways, by boiling and roasting. The $\alpha$-tocopherol contents of the two types of peanuts were compared with fresh seeds without any processing. $\alpha$-Tocopherol was detected at a retention time of 2.95 minutes. Five standards of $\alpha$-tocopherol covering a range of $20{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$ were made up in 2% isopropyl alcohol/n-hexane and analyzed in duplicate. The $\alpha$-tocopherol contents differed according to extraction temperature. The contents were $85{\mu}g/g$ or less at $10^{\circ}C\;and\;20^{\circ}C$ and $94{\mu}g/g$ at $30^{\circ}C$, but they were decreased at $40^{\circ}C$ or higher. The $\alpha$-tocopherol contents in 22 peanut varieties were $61.36{\sim}96.80{\mu}g/g$ according to variety. Fresh peanuts contained $106.7{\mu}g/g$ of $\alpha$-tocopherol, while boiled peanuts contained $108.8{\mu}g/g$ of $\alpha$-tocopherol, and roasted peanuts contained $109.2{\mu}g/g$ of $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.558-562
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• 2007

The high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for the determination of trans-resveratrol in 34 germplasms and processing methods of peanut seeds has been modified. Peanut germplasms contained trans-resveratrol contents of $0.14{\sim}4.96{\mu}g/g$, but findings for the testa color were not significant. However, two germplasms, 'KIGAN' and 'CS1', contained more trans-resveratrol contents than the other germplasms. The contents of their were $2.26{\mu}g/g\;and\;4.96{\mu}g/g$. The tested processing methods caused no significant changes in trans-resveratrol contents. The contents of fresh, boiled, and roasted peanuts were 0.36, 0.32, and $0.40{\mu}g/g$, respectively in cv. Palkwang, and 0.22, 0.22, and $0.26{\mu}g/g$, respectively, in cv. Jakwang. Differences were not significant among fresh, boiled, and roasted peanuts. The grains of 'Palkwang' and 'Jakwang' contained trans-resveratrol contents of $0.34{\mu}g/g\;and\;0.24{\mu}g/g$, and testa contained $1.12{\mu}g/g\;and\;1.00{\mu}g/g$, respectively. However, when comparing absolute quantity, the trans-resveratrol contents appears to be approximately $3{\sim}4$ times higher in the testa than in the grain of the peanut, although the total contents were not different because the ratio of testa was low in peanut seeds.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1992

Viral disease incidence in the peanut fields at Iri, Kochang, Iksan and Puan in Chonbuk province was 0.93% on July and 8.46% on August in 1991. The causal pathogen was identified as peanut stripe virus (PStV) by the results of host plant reaction, immunological assay and observation of virus particles. Seed transmission rates of collected seeds from diseased plants ranged from 12.9 to 14.8% at peanut fields. PStV transmission was higher in small than in large seeds. Seed transmission of PStV was correlated with the age of the plant when inoculated; infection of young plants resulted in more seed transmission than did infection of old plants. Seed transmission of PStV was correlated with pod formation stages when inoculated at the 45th day after sowing; formed seeds for 2 weeks after inoculation resulted in more seed transmission than did formed seeds after 4 weeks. In seed transmission, this causal virus was moved to embryo and cotyledon through gynophore, pod, and funicle from leaves.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.755-762
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• 2015

The present study was conducted to develop seed treatment for the production of healthy and clean peanut sprout. Dry heat treatment of peanut seeds reduced the incidence of the rot. The seed treatment condition at $52^{\circ}C$ for 10 h. was the most efficient without inhibiting seed viability significantly. Seeds were dark cultured at $27^{\circ}C$ for up to 9 days. The treatment of Indole-B and gibberellic acid influenced germination, T50, fresh, dry weight, hypocotyl length, hypocotyl length diameter, root length, number of lateral root and epicotyl of peanut sprout. There were no differences in the germinability of peanut seeds between gibberellic acid treatment methods but higher fresh weight was observed in the GA3 solution spray after 2 hour water soaking. The general growth and lateral root development of peanut sprouts were suppressed by Indole-B which is used for inhibiting root formation and promoting hypocotyls. The treatment of gibberellic acid promoted hypocotyl elongation, but it did not influence on the growth of hypocotyls and root system.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2002

For the survey of viruses infected in peanut cultivated in Korea, peanut seeds and leaves showing viral symptoms were collected from their growing areas. Typical symptoms on virus infected peanut leaves including mosaic, mottle with necrosis, yellowing, stripe or vein banding and stunts were observed. Two viruses isolated from the naturally infected peanuts were identified as Bean common mosaic virus(BCMV-PSt) and Peanut mottle virus(PeMoV) by their host range, immunosorbent elcetron microscopy(ISEM), direct immuno staining assay(DISA), RT-PCR, and intracellural symptoms. Direct negative staining method by electron microscope showed filamentous particles of about 780 m in length as well as inclusion bodies. In ultrathin sections of BCMV-PSt and PeMoV infected tissues, cytoplasmic cylindrical inclusions as well as filamentous virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm of parenchyma cells. ISEM revealed filamentous particles strongly decorated with antiserums of BCMV-PSt and PeMoV Peanut seeds were stained with BCMV-PSt and PeMoV antisera indicating the possibility of seed transmission far these viruses. Seedlings germinated from peanut seeds which reacted with antiserums of BCMV-PSt by DISA showed mild mottle or stripe symptoms while mosaic and necrotic mottle symptoms were observed for PeMoV-positive seedlings. Filamentous particles were strongly decorated with each antiserum under ISEM observation. BCMV-PSt coat protein gene of about 1.2 Kbp was amplified by RT-PCR. Altogether these results indicate that BCMV-PSt is the most prevalent virus infecting peanut in Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the effect of food combinations of leguminous seeds on the nymphal development and adult fecundity of Riptortus clavatus Thunberg. Nymphal duration ranged from 20 to 28 days depending on food combinations with the shortest on the seed of soybean (Glycine max Linnaeus), soybean + kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus) and soybean ＋ peanut (Archis hypogaea Linnaeus) and the longest on the seed of kidney bean. Instar duration was longer with increasing instar from 2.4 to 2.5 days in the 1st instar to 5.3 to 7.3 days in the 5th instar Accordingly, instar duration was significantly different on food combinations exception of 1 st instar Percent emergence varied from 3.5％ on peanut to 65.0％ on the seed of soybean ＋ peanut. Nymphal mortality was the highest in the 1 st instar regardless of food combinations. Adult longevity was in range of 5.5 days to 11.2 days which was the shortest on the seed of kidney bean+peanut and the longest on soybean ＋ peanut and was about 8.0 days on the other food combinations. Total number of eggs laid by female was most on soybean+peanut and was least on kidney bean ＋ peanut. Accordingly, it can be recommended that food combination of the seed of soybean ＋ peanut was the best and then was soybean only while other food communications of leguminous seeds was hard to use for mass rearing of R. clavatus.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.279-283
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• 2001

The content and composition of tocopherol were analyzed in peanuts produced in Korea. The tocopherol assay was consisted of an extraction with n-hex-ane:isopropanol mixture followed by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Tocopherol content was higher in leaves and seeds but lower in seed coats and shells. $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$- Tocopherol ratio was as low as 0.53 in seeds and as high as 22.5 in shells. Tocopherol content in seeds of nine varieties ranged from 142 to 220 ng/mg dry weight, and the $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$-tocopherol ratio from 0.40 to 0.75. Tocopherol content decreased by 18% but $\alpha$-/${\gamma}$-tocopherol ratio increased by 44% in roasted seeds. The results indicate that the level of tocopherol in Korean peanut varieties is moderate and the ratio of $\alpha$- to ${\gamma}$-tocopherol is low.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2017

We performed seed germination tests to investigate the effects of seed sowing orientation on germination viability on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts. Specifically, we assessed the influence of seed sowing orientation on germination rate, seedling weight, and seedling length, as well as the seedling vigor index. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust at 3.0 cm depth. Four seed orientations were tested: vertical with the hypocotyl end down, vertical with the hypocotyl end up, horizontal with the hypocotyl end down, and horizontal with the hypocotyl end up. The mean seed germination percentages of the four seed orientations were significantly different (p < 0.01) and ranged from 25 to 91.7%. The vertical orientation with hypocotyl-end-down and hypocotyl-end-up orientations showed the highest (91.7%) and lowest (25%) germination rates, respectively. The vertical orientation with the hypocotyl end down produced the heaviest (4.9 g) seedlings and the longest hypocotyls (4.65 cm). This orientation also produced the longest true leaf + epycotyl (2.15 cm) and had the highest seedling vigor index (197.1). The seedlings had a straight growth pattern, whereas seedlings from seeds sown with the hypocotyl up had an awkward plumular hook shape. Taken together, to produce peanut sprouts, we recommend placing the seeds vertically with the hypocotyl end down because this orientation leads to a high germination rate, high biomass production, and high overall seedling quality.