• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1038-1044
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• 1996

The salt-fermented anchovy sauce (AS) was packed in round No. 307-1 can, and thermally processed at $121.1^{\circ}C$ to obtain Fo values of 3, 5 and 10. The changes of food components and qualifies by thermal processing of sterilized AS (RAS) were examined. The compositions of AS were as followed; pH 6.81, VBN 394.7 mg/100g, total nitrogen 2,195.5 mg%, amino-nitrogen 1,010.5 mg%, and acidity 10.5 ml. Viable cell counts of AS on 0%, 5%, 20% NaCl-medium were $2.9{\times}10^3,\;9.1{\times}10^3$ and not detected, respectively. And viable cell counts of RAS were not detected. Acidity, total nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents of AS decreased slightly with the severeness of heat treatments, whereas pH and VBN content were increased. Total free amino acid contents of raw AS and RAS were 12,802.5 mg% and $11,212.6{\sim}12,105.4\;mg%$, and major amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, isoleucine, valine and lysine. Also contents of IMP, hypoxanthine, TMAO and TMA in AS and RAS were 42.1 mg% and $35.5{\sim}40.9\;mg%$, 103.7 mg% and $103.1{\sim}105.5\;mg%$, 78.8 mg% and $58.2{\sim}71.6\;mg%$, 55.8 mg% and $58.9{\sim}68.5\;mg%$ respectively. And a little changes were observed in whole volatile components of AS with severeness of heat treatments by GC chromatogram patterns. Judging from the chemical and sensory evaluations, the Fo 3 heat treatment sample was not inferior to raw AS, and maintained good quality for 1 year storage.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.374-390
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• 2021

Growth and yield of field vegetable crops would be affected by climate conditions, which cause a relatively large fluctuation in crop production and consumer price over years. The yield prediction system for these crops would support decision-making on policies to manage supply and demands. The objectives of this study were to compile literatures related to onion and garlic and to perform data-mining analysis, which would shed lights on the development of crop models for these major field vegetable crops in Korea. The literatures on crop growth and yield were collected from the databases operated by Research Information Sharing Service, National Science & Technology Information Service and SCOPUS. The keywords were chosen to retrieve research outcomes related to crop growth and yield of onion and garlic. These literatures were analyzed using text mining approaches including word cloud and semantic networks. It was found that the number of publications was considerably less for the field vegetable crops compared with rice. Still, specific patterns between previous research outcomes were identified using the text mining methods. For example, climate change and remote sensing were major topics of interest for growth and yield of onion and garlic. The impact of temperature and irrigation on crop growth was also assessed in the previous studies. It was also found that yield of onion and garlic would be affected by both environment and crop management conditions including sowing time, variety, seed treatment method, irrigation interval, fertilization amount and fertilizer composition. For meteorological conditions, temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and humidity were found to be the major factors in the literatures. These indicate that crop models need to take into account both environmental and crop management practices for reliable prediction of crop yield.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

Purpose : Changes in the balance between MMP and TIMP can have a profound effect on the composition in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and affect various cellular functions including adhesion, migration, differentiation of cells, and fibrosis and invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Radiation therapy is a popular treatment modality for benign and malignant tumor, but the study for radiation effect on MMP and TIMP is scarce. In the current study, we have examined the expression of TIMP in fibrosis-prone (C57BL/6) mice after radiation. Methods and Materials : Adult female mice of $10\~12$ weeks were used. The whole body were irradiated using a Varian CL-4/100 with 2 and 10 Gy. Immunohistochemical staining was peformed according to Avidin Biotin complex method and evaluated by observing high power field. For TIMP-1, TIMP-2 antibodies, reactivity was assessed in the parenchymal cell and in the stromal cell. The scale of staining was assessed by combining the quantitative and qualiative intensity of staining. Results : TIMP-1 immunoreactivity did not change in lung. But, in liver, TIMP-1 immunoreactivity was localized in cytoplasm of hepatocyte and Kupffer cell. in kidney, TIMP-1 immunoreactivity was localized in cytoplasm of some tubular cell. Temporal variations were not seen. Dose-response relationship was not seen except kidney. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in lung was a score (++) at 0 Gy and elevated to a score (+++) at 2 Gy. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was a score (++) in liver at 0 Gy. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was localized in cytoplasm of hepatocyte and Kupffer cell as same as patterns of TIMP-1 immunoreactivity. The TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in liver was elevated to (+++) at 2 Gy. Immunoreactivity to TIMP-2 in kidney was a score (+++) at 0 Gy and was not changed at 10 Gy. The score of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was reduced to (++) at 2 Gy. TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was confined to tubules in kidney. Temporal variation of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was irregular. Dose-response relationship of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was not seen. Conclusions : Differences between intensity of expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in each organ was present. Expression of TIMP was localized to specific cell in each organ. Irradiation increased TIMP-1 immunoreactivity in the liver and the kidney. Irradiation increased TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in the lung. But, in the liver and the kidney, TIMP-2 expression to radiation was irregular. Temporal variation of TIMP-2 immunoreactivity was irregular. Dose-response relationship of TIHP-2 immunoreactivity was not seen. In the future, we expect that the study of immunohistochemical staining of longer period of postirradiation and quantitative analysis using western blotting and northern blotting could define the role of TIMP in the radiation induced tissue fibrosis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2017

BACKGROUND: Pesticide residue analysis is essentially required for safety evaluation of agricultural products. Bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole have been currently considered as potentials to deeply evaluate their residues in agricultural products because they are frequently found in strawberry. This work was performed to investigate the residual patterns of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole in strawberry after harvest. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strawberry was treated with bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days before harvest under greenhouse conditions. The strawberry samples were subjected to solvent and solid phase extractions followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. There covery percentages of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole for tified in the control samples ranged from approximately 82 to 103% with the method limit of 0.005 mg/kg. The concentrations of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole in strawberry samples decreased significantly in 10 days after treatment, giving the safety levels of 0.04 to 0.06 mg/kg at 10 days after application, as considered maximum residue limit. The half-lives of bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole based on first order kinetics were determined to 6.3 days and 6.4 days, respectively. CONCLUSION: Bistrifluron and chlorantraniliprole are suggested to use in strawberry 10 days before harvest to reach residual safety levels.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses deteriorating qualities as well as yields of food crops. This study was conducted to identify the effects of salt stress on dry matter ratio, glucose content, and mineral content and composition in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four potato varieties were grown in plastic pots (diameter 20 cm and height 25 cm) with three salinity levels (EC: 1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 dS/m) in a glasshouse. Dry matter ratio, specific gravity, starch, and glucose content in tubers harvested at 90 days after sowing were analyzed. Also, mineral contents (T-N, T-C, $P_2O_5$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$) in stem, leaf, and tuber were investigated and statistically analyzed for analysis of variance (ANOVA). Dry matter ratio, specific gravity, and starch content in tubers were reduced in all varieties as the salt concentration increased. Glucose content tended to decrease according to the salt concentration. In ANOVA analysis of mineral contents, there were significant differences in $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ of leaf and stem, in $Na^+$ of leaf and tuber, and also in $Ca^{2+}$ of leaf by the interactions of variety and salinity. In the case of $K^+/Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}/Na^+$, the stem was more sensitively influenced by the salt treatment than the leaf or the tuber. The $K^+/Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}/Na^+$ decreased in leaf, stem, and tuber of four varieties, as the salt concentration became higher. The decreasing level varied according to the varieties. 'Kroda' and 'Duback' maintained relatively higher $K^+/Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}/Na^+$ than 'Atlantic' or 'Goun' under the salt stress conditions. CONCLUSION: The composition and accumulation of minerals in potato plant as well as dry matter ratio, starch, and glucose contents were significantly influenced by salt stress. The respond patterns were different depending on the varieties and it was related to the salt tolerance among varieties.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1994

Despite optimal local therapy such as surgery and/or radiotherapy, the long term outcome is poor for patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomma of head and neck, due to frequent loco-regional recurrence and distant metastases. We studied to determine whether the combination chemotherapy, especially as an adjuvant chemotherapy, would improve the survival of these patients. Between January, 1986 and December, 1992, 57 patients with previously untreated, locally advanced squamous cell arcinoma of head and neck were assigned to receive 2-3 cycles of induction chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil(F) and cisplatin(P) every 3 weeks and standard local therapy such as surgery and/or radiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with the same FP regimens. Of the 57 enroled patients, 45 patients were evaluable. The obtained results were as following: 1) Among 45 evaluable patients, 18 patients finished all treatment protocol including adjuvant chemotherapy and 27 patients had no adjuvant chemotherapy. The difference of age, sex, performance status, disease stage, and tumor differentiation was not significant statistically between adjuvant chemotherapy group and no-adjuvant chemotherapy group. 2) After induction chemotherapy, 7/45(15.4%), 30/45(67%) achieved complete remission and partial remission respectively with 82.4% overall response rates in entire patients. 3) The 4year progression free survival was 43.3% in adjuvant chemotherapy group and 24.1% in no-adjuvant chemotherapy group(p>0.05). The 4year overall survival was 56.9% and 25.5% respectively(p>0.05). There was no significant different in the patterns of local recurrence and distant metastasis between the two groups. 4) Adverse reactions from combination chemotherapy included nausea, vomiting, mucositis, diarrhea and hematologic bone marrow depression. These were mild and tolerated by patients, and these was no episode of any life threatening toxicities. In conclusion, adjuvant chemotherapy after induction chemotherapy and local therapy did not show statistically significant survival improvement, but there was trend of prolongation of survival when compared to no adjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, large scale phase III randomized controlled studies are strongly recommended.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 1995

Forty gentamicin-resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were selected from various clinical materials, determined their antimicrobial susceptibility, and studied there R-plasmid characteristics and polypeptide patterns. All of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. The MICs($\mu$/ml) of antimicrobial agents to the isolates were as follows; the MIC of gentamicin was 128 and $\geq$2040, ampicillin 1 and 1, chlorarmphenicol 2 and 8, erythromycin 32 and 256, and vancomycin 1 and 2. E. faecalis HL-1 strain had 8 plasmid DNA elements, HL-2 and HL-3 strains had 6, HL-4 had 7, HL-5 had 4, and HL-6 had 5. The 51.7 Kb of gentamicin resistance plasmid DNA was conjugally transferred from two strains of E. faecalis HL-1 and HL-6 to S. aureus SK 982. The plasmid transfer frequency between S. aureus SK 982 and E. faecalis HL-1 or E. faecalis HL-6 was 6.3$\times10^{-4} and 3.7$\times10^{-5}$, respectively. Plasmid curing ratio after the treatment of ethidium bromide(10$\mu$/ml) to E. faecalis tarnsconjugants R-1 and R-6 were about 51% and 67%, respectively. The tetracycline gene was located in 2.15 Kb plasmid of E. faecalis HL-1, but it was not found in the E. faecalis HL-6 by Southern blot analyses. The antigenic components of E. faecalis HL-1, HL-6, R-1 and R-6 strains were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. The E. faecalis strains had 7 to 16 polypeptide bands, however their major proteins were 97.8 and 26.8 Kd. At the Immunoblotting, 97.8, 95.8, 74.8, 63.5, 33.7 and 26.8 Kd polypeptides of the strains showed major antigenic activities with patient's sera infected intra-abdominally with an E. faecalis strain.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-152
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• 1973

The mineralogical studies of the eleven sub-soil samples derived from granite, granodiorite, diorite and arkose sandstone, taken from apple orchards in the province of Kyungsangbukdo, Korea are made to investigate the relationships between the mineral weathering, soil forming processes and mineralogical composition. The fine sand fraction (less than 0.2mm) and the clay fraction (less than 2 micron) are dispersed with the shaker after hydrogen peroxide treatment for the removal of organic matter, and separated from each suspension by gravity sedimentation. The fine sand are observed by mineral microscope and the clay are observed by X-ray diffraction patterns, differential thermal analysis curves and infrared spectrum. The outline of the results are as follows. 1. The primary minerals ; Quartz, changed-feldspar, plagioclase, alkali-feldspar are dominant in almost all samples, and some samples contain an appreciable amount of hornblende, biotite, muscovite and plant opal. There are also those samples which contain very small quantity of pyroxene group, tourmaline, epidote, cyanite, magnetite, volcanic glass and zircon. They are mainly derived from weathering products of granite, granodiorite, diorite, arkose or its mixtures. 2. All samples contain expanding or nonexpanding $14{\AA}$ minerals, illite and kaolin minerals, and some samples contain chlorite, cristobalite, gibbsite, and those primary minerals as quartz and feldspar, but the quantities vary according to the parent matrials. 3. Non-expanding $14{\AA}$ minerals may be dioctahadral vermiculite which sandwiches gibbsite layer or chlorite in between layer lattices. 4. As for clay minerals, montmorillonite was principal component in the samples derived from weathering products of arkose sandstone and tertiary. Minerals which are derived from weathering products of arkose have kaolin minerals and vermiculite as their principal component, and minerals derived from weathering products of acidic rock group are generally classified into two groups, the kaolin mineral group, and the kaolin minerals and vermiculite group.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.321-331
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mechanical and acid treatment on enamel surfaces for the retention of pit and fissure sealants and evaluate the presence of a prismless layer. The etch pattern produced on enamel from immature and mature premolar teeth extracted with varying period of acid etching using 37% phosphoric acid was examined using a scanning electron microscope(SEM). The composition of each groups was evaluated using an energy dispersive x-ray(EDX) spectroscopy. The result of present study can be summarized as follows: 1. Prismless layer was commonly observed on the fissure enamel in young and mature premolar. 2. There were no differences in micro-structure and etching pattern on fissure enamel between the young and the mature premolar. 3. The most effective etching pattern for retention of pit and fissure sealant was observed in 60 seconds of etching time and no apparent difference of etching pattern was found among 15, 30, and 45 seconds of etching time which showed non-retentive etching patterns. 4. The etching pattern obtained by grinding enamel surface with bur followed by 60 seconds of etching was similar to that of 60 seconds of etching without any pretreatment of fissure surface. 5. Type 2 etching pattern was commonly found on fissure enamel in both young and mature premolar. 6. The calcium content and P/Ca ratio in fissure enamel between the young and the mature premolar were significantly different(P<0.05). But content of calcium, phosphate and P/Ca ratio on various regions of fissure enamel in both young and mature premolar did not showed any difference. Based on these results, prismless layer may negatively influence the retention of pit and fissure sealants. Therefore, the mechanical removal of the prismless layer by grinding prior to etching or by prolonged etching time of enamel within the fissure system should result in an improved bonding of a pit and fissure sealant.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.831-837
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• 1995

Background: We conducted a study to determine the factors associated with, patterns of, and proportion of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with multiple drug-resistance at Kosin medical center in Pusan. Methods: We abstracted data from 141 patients, who had active pulmonary tuberculosis and report forms of drug susceptibility between 1986 and 1994, and related the previous treatment history, the extent of lung involvement and the presence of cavities on chest X-ray films to the drug resistance. Results: Overall, 59(41.8%) of the 141 cases of tuberculosis were resistant to at least one drug and 29(20.9%) of the 139 cases were resistant to isoniazid(INH) and rifampin(RIF). Among the 63 patients with previous tuberculosis therapy, 40(63.5%) had isolates that were drug-resistant and 24(38.1%) were multi-drug resistant. Among the 78 without previous therapy, 19(24.4%) had isolates that were drug-resistant and 5(7.5%) were multi-drug resistant. For all 141, resistance to INH was most common(39.0%) followed by RIF(21.6%), ethambutol(EMB, 16.3%), $\rho$- aminosalicylic acid(10.8%), streptomycin(SM, 8.7%), and pyrazinamide(PZA, 8.0%). INH, RIF and PZA resistances were independently associated with a history of previous tuberculosis therapy (odds ratio; 3.3, 7.2 and 10.8 respectively), and RIF and SM resistance were significantly high according to the extent of lung involvement on the chest films(odds ratio; 2.9 and 2.8 respectively). Conclusions: We conclude, (1) that all persons in whom pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed should initially receive at least four-drug therapy(INH, RIF, PZA, and EMB or SM), (2) that susceptibility testing be done in all culture-positive patient, and (3) that those with a history of previous tuberculosis therapy or those who have advanced pulmonary tuberculosis need very careful clinical and microbiological follow-up.