• The Mathematical Education
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• v.44 no.1 s.108
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• pp.125-141
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• 2005

For many years, the educational effects of instructional manipulatives in mathematics education have been investigated in classroom practice and educational research. This paper demonstrates how pattern block, a type of instructional manipulatives could be used and integrated in elementary mathematics areas in order to develop student's mathematical thinking Further, students' thinking process with pattern blocks is analysed to show their thinking process.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2005

To understand the basic relationship between 3D curved surface model and 2D pattern, simplified torso model was generated by commercial CAD program (IDEAS). 3D torso model was then divided into different blocks and unfolded into a flat pattern as in ordinary works of clothing item design. As results, 2D pattern development of different part of 3D torso model was attempted and analyzed mathematically. It was found that different height, radius and tangent slope of 3D blocks resulted in different 2D pattern. The relationships between the shape parameters of 3D torso blocks and those of 2D patterns were analyzed using regression equations. Direct way of drawing a 2D pattern of corresponding 3D torso block was also illustrated for the convenience of pattern making using conventional measurements of upper/ lower radii and height of 3D torso block.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.4 s.304
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• pp.119-126
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• 2005

We propose a new content-based image retrieval using a representative color histogram and directional pattern histogram that is adaptive to the classification characteristics of the image blocks. In the proposed method the color and pattern feature vectors are extracted according to the characteristics o: the block classification after dividing the image into blocks with a fixed size. First, the divided blocks are classified as either luminance or color blocks depending on the saturation of the block. Thereafter, the color feature vectors are extracted by calculating histograms of the block average luminance co-occurrence for the luminance block and the block average colors for the color blocks. In addition, block directional pattern feature vectors are extracted by calculating histograms after performing the directional gradient classification of the luminance. Experimental results show that the proposed method can outperform the conventional methods as regards the precision and the size of the feature vector dimension.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.913-917
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• 2010

To inspect the defects of printed markings on the surface of IC package, the OCV (Optical Character Verification) method based on NCC (Normalized Correlation Coefficient) pattern matching is widely used. In order to detect the micro pattern defects appearing on the small portion of the markings, a Partitioned NCC pattern matching method was proposed to overcome the limitation of the NCC pattern matching. In this method, the reference pattern is first partitioned into several blocks and the NCC values are computed and are combined in these small partitioned blocks, rather than just using the NCC value for the whole reference pattern. In this paper, we proposed a method to decide the proper number of partition blocks and a method to inspect and combine the NCC values of each partitioned block to identify the defective markings.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 2004

The tread pattern of a tire has an important effect on tire performances such as handling, wear, noise, hydroplaning and so on. However, a finite element analysis of a patterned tire with detailed tread blocks has been limited owing to the complexity of making meshes for tread blocks and the huge computation time. The computation time has been shortened due to the advance in the computer technology. The modeling of tread blocks usually requires creating a solid model using a CAD software. Therefore it is a very complicated and time-consuming job to generate meshes of a patterned tire using a CAD model. A new efficient and convenient method for generating meshes of a patterned tire has been developed. In this method, 3-D meshes of tread pattern are created by mapping 2-D meshes of tread geometry onto 3-D tread surfaces and extruding them through tread depth. Then, the tread pattern meshes are assembled with the tire body meshes by the tie contact constraint. Residual aligning torque and frictional energy are calculated by using a patterned tire model and compared to the experimental results. It is shown that the calculated results of a patterned tire model are in a good agreement with the experimental ones.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.10b
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• pp.9-11
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• 2005

We propose a new content-based image retrieval using a block color co-occurrence matrix (BCCM) and pattern correlogram. In the proposed method, the color feature vectors are extracted by using BCCM that represents the probability of the co-occurrence of two mean colors within blocks. Also the pattern feature vectors are extracted by using pattern correlogram which is combined with spatial correlation of pattern. In the proposed pattern correlogram method. after block-divided image is classified into 48 patterns with respect to the change of the RGB color of the image, joint probability between the same pattern from the surrounding blocks existing at the fixed distance and the center pattern is calculated. Experimental results show that the proposed method can outperform the conventional methods as regards the precision and the size of the feature vector dimension.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.156-165
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• 2005

A new heuristic algorithm for the heterogeneous single container loading problem is proposed in this paper, This algorithm fills empty spaces with the homogeneous load-blocks of identically oriented boxes and splits residual space into three sub spaces starting with an empty container. An initial loading pattern is built by applying this approach recursively until all boxes are exhausted or no empty spaces are left. In order to generate alternative loading patterns, the load-blocks of pattern determining spaces are replaced with the alternatives that were generated on determining the load-blocks. An improvement algorithm compares these alternatives with the initial pattern to find improved one. Numerical experiments with 715 test cases show the good performance of this new algorithm, above all for problems with strongly heterogeneous boxes.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.2108-2111
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• 2003

This paper introduces a new local feature extraction method and image matching method for the localization and classification of targets. Proposed method is based on the block-by-block projection associated with directional pattern of blocks. Each pattern has its own eigen-vertors called as CEBs(Classified Eigen-Blocks). Also proposed block-based image matching method is robust to translation and occlusion. Performance of proposed feature extraction and matching method is verified by the face localization and FLIR-vehicle-image classification test.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37C no.10
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• pp.933-939
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• 2012

In general, the three-dimensional(3D) coordinates of the manufactured ship blocks are measured using the laser measuring equipment by ship engineers. But, many deflections between the measured coordinates in manufactured step and the designed coordinates in the design step are occurred because of the measuring process of ship blocks manually. Thus, the ship engineer should conform the consistency between the measured coordinates and the designed coordinates step by step, and it largely causes the loss of manpower and time. In this paper, the automated pattern matching algorithm of 3D coordinates for quality control in ship blocks is suggested in order to solve this problem, and the performance of the algorithm is analyzed using the 3D coordinates simulation software developed by our research laboratory. The coordinates matching rate of the measured coordinates in the single/multi ship block(s) is about 90.2% under the tolerated distance error range is 20~25cm.