• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-65
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• 1979

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of irregularities of teeth in various malocclusion groups. The subjects consist of 803 out-patients (355 males, and 448 females) in department of Orthodontics of S.N.U. Hospital, Yonsei University, and Kyunghi University Hospital. The results were as follows. 1. The proportions of subjects on the basis of Angle's Classification were 39.2% (42.2% male, and 57.8% fomale) in class I malocclusion, 29.0% (44.6% male, and 55.4% female) in class II. div. 1., 3.5%(46.4% male, and 53.6% female) in class II. div. 2., 28.3%(46.3% male, and 53.7% female) in class III. 2. Considering all the subjects, the percentage of teeth crowding was 67.8% (45.0% male, and 55.0% female). In class I malocclusion, the percentage of Crowding was 70.8%(43.5% male, and 56.5% female) with higher frequency in upper anterior teeth than in lower anterior. 3. The percentage of Maxillary anterior diastema was 25.6% (45.6% male, and 54.4% female) on the whole. In class II. div. 1. malocclusion, the percentage was 28.8% (46.3% male, and 53.7% female) and in class III, the percentage was 19.8% (46.7% male, and 53.3% female). Thus, frequency of maxillary anterior distema, was comparatively higher in class II. div. 1. than in class III. 4. The percentage of high canine was 25.1% (53.2% male, and 46.8% female) on the whole, and was 86.0% male and 76.6% female in right side, 73.0% male and 72.3% female in left side. In calss II. div. 2., the percentage was 53.6% (46.7% male, and 53.3% female ). In class II. div. 1., the percentage was 16.7% (46.2% male, and 53.8%) with higher frequency in class II. div.2. 5. The percentage of deep overbite was 23.0% (43. 2% male, and 56.8% female) on the whole. Ia class 11. div. 2., and in clas sll. div. 1., its were 89.3%(48.0% male and 52.0% female), 54.5% (40.9% male, and 59.1% female) respectively. This result can be considered as one of the characterics of Angle's class 11 malocclusion group. 6. The percentage of spacing was 23.0% (36.8% male, and 63.2% female) on the whole, In class II. div. 1., and in class II. div. 2., its were 26.1% (44.3% male, and 55. 7% female), 7.1% (50.0% male, and 50.0% female) respectively. 7. The percentage of open bite was 14.3% (42.6% male, and 57.4% female) on the whole with higher rate on the anterior part. It rated 17.6%(50. 0% male, and 50.0% female) in class III, but none in class II. div. 2. 8. The percentage of crossbite was 22.5% (55.8% male, and 44.2% female) on the whole, with higher frequency on the anterior part than on the posterior part. In Angle's class III, it rated as much as 55.1% (57.6% male, and 42.4% female). 9. The percentage of edge-to-edge bite was 20.4% (47.6% male, and 52.4% female) with higher frequency on anterior part than on posterior part. 10. The percentage of irregularities of teeth in various malocclusion groups, was 21.5% (24.8% maxillary, and 18.1% mandible) in crowding, 20.8% (23.5% maxillary, and 18.0% mandible) in rotation, 10.7% (10.6% maxillary, and 10.8% mandible) in cross bite, 9.5% (11.8% maxillary, and 7.3% mandible) in spacing, 8.5% (8.5% maxillary, and 8.5% mandible) in edge-to-edge bite, 8.1% (8.3% maxillary, 7.8% mandible) in open bite. Crowding teeth, spacing teeth, and rotating teeh were more prevalent in anterior part than in posterior part. Cross bite teeth and edge-to-edge bite teeth were more prevalent in class III malocclusion than in another.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2009

Objectives: In September 2008, an outbreak of diarrhea occurred among students attending Y school in Yeongcheon-si. Shigella sonnei was cultured from some of the rectal swabs. An epidemiological investigation was carried out to determine the source of the infection and the mode of transmission of the shigellosis outbreak. Methods: The index case lived in the D rehabilitation facility in Gyeongsan-si and an additional epidemiological investigation was carried out there. The cases could not be questioned due to their mental handicaps. The teachers were interviewed instead. A patient case was defined as a resident with diarrhea more than one time a day from September 18 to September 26, 2008 or a resident with confirmed Shigella sonnei at the Y school or the D rehabilitation facility. Results: The attack rate was 1.2% (8 persons) among 659 persons in the Y school and D rehabilitation facility. Five persons were microbiologically confirmed to have the infection and three persons were diagnosed on the basis of symptoms. Shigella sonnei was cultured from five of the 659 rectal swabs. However, 80 environmental specimens including drinking water, preserved foods, and cooking utensils were negative. All eight patients were Y school students and had been living in group boarding and lodging. Six of them lived in the D rehabilitation facility and two lived in the dormitory at the Y school. Five cases showed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns that were identical for Shigella sonnei. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the infection source of the shigellosis outbreak, in the two places, were identical. It is likely that the infections initially spread from a teacher or volunteer and then among the students.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.241-251
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• 2010

This study aims at contributing to the restorative dentistry by examining results in the vertical load test of four different low invasive fixed partial dentures. Based on a hypothesis on the right upper first molar is missing, three units of FPDs were made for the second premolar and the second molar abutment. that is, twelve metal dies and FPDs were made for resin bonded FPD and Two Key Bridges and Human Bridge without occlusal rest and Human Bridge with occlusal rest. By using universal test machine, the numerical maximum value were recorded during the vertical load test of each FPDs after the bonding process treated by Maxcem which is resin cement. The failure process and its result of prosthesis were also observed. The maximum load was 7,295 N, 4,729 N, 2,190 N, 3,073 N from groups of resin bonded FPD, Two Key Bridge, Human Bridge without occlusal rest and Human Bridge with occlusal rest respectively. There was a statistical significance among the groups of resin bonded FPD, Two Key Bridge and Human Brides. However, there was no significant difference between Human Bridge without occlusal rest and Human Bridge with occlusal rest. Regarding the failure of prosthesis, the groups of Resin Bonded FPD and Two Key Bridge showed that one of the abutment teeth in the both side of retention part was highly failed earlier than the other one (83.2% and 66.6% respectively). While, Human Bridge without occlusal rest and Human Bridge with occlusal rest showed high percentage of failure in the abutment teeth in the both side of retention part at the same time (91.6% and 58.3% respectively). This study demonstrates that the group of Human Bridges has low resistance to the vertical loads of low invasive FPDs in comparison with the groups of resin bonded FPD and Two Key Bridge. Nevertheless, the maximum occlusal load of the restorative position, resistance to diverse restoration failure, amount of tooth reduction and patients' cooperation should be considered when they are applied in the clinic in order to choose an appropriate restoration for each patient.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Recently, as patients' expectation and interest for esthetics are increasing, concerns of esthetic restoration for removable dentures as well as fixed prosthodontics are also increasing. And the color stability of artificial teeth will affect a long term success rate of the denture. But the stain or discoloration of these artificial teeth as well as denture resin has caused esthetic problem. Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the influence on color stability of artificial teeth when soy sauce, red pepper paste and coffee which many Koreans have eaten were applied. Material and methods: For artificial teeth type(Endura $Anterio^{(R)}$, Physio $Duracross^{(R)}$, Trubyte $Biotone^{(R)}$) selected for the study, 10 specimens each were soaked into individual beakers of soy sauce, red pepper paste, coffee and distilled water. And $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ value were measured for evaluation of the color difference (${\Delta}E^*$) with spectrophotometer on the 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after immersion. Results: 1. ${\Delta}E^*$ value of artificial teeth which were soaked in soy sauce and coffee was various according to soaking periods. However there was significant difference between Trubyte $Biotone^{(R)}$ and Physio $Duracross^{(R)}$ in red pepper paste regardless of soaking period(P<.05). 2. Except for 8 weeks of Endura $Anterio^{(R)}$, 4 weeks and 8 weeks of Physio $Duracross^{(R)}$, artificial teeth soaked in red pepper paste regardless of the type had significant difference of ${\Delta}E^*$ value compared with other groups (P<.05). 3. $a^*$, $b^*$ value of Endura $Anterio^{(R)}$ and Trubyte $Biotone^{(R)}$ which were soaked in red pepper paste had significant difference compared with the value of other group(P<.05). Conclusion: Red pepper paste had the greatest effect on color difference of artificial tooth. Physio $Duracross^{(R)}$ showed relatively less color difference than Trubyte $Biotone^{(R)}$ and Endura $Anterio^{(R)}$. But as ${\Delta}E^*$ difference were all less than 3.3, these artificial resin teeth seemed appropriate for clinical use.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2002

Background : In order to investigate the usefulness and safety of Natural Stent, we performed this study in a canine model of tracheal stenosis induced using Nd-YAG laser. Materials and Methods : After tracheal stenosis was induced in 12 Mongrel dogs using Nd-YAG laser, either Dumon (n=6) or Natural (n=6) stent was inserted into the trachea. To assess the degree of stent migration and mucostasis, bronchoscopy was performed every week for 4 weeks, after which all stents were removed. One week after stent removal, tracheal stenosis was evaluated by bronchoscopy. Results : The degree of stent migration was not different between the dogs with Dumon stent ($3.0{\pm}0.8$) and those with Natural ($2.0{\pm}1.0$), nor was the degree of mucostasis, at Dumon ($1.7{\pm}0.5$) and Natural Stent ($1.5{\pm}0.6$), respectively. One week after stent removal, the degree of tracheal stenosis was not different between the Dumon ($1.5{\pm}0.5$) and the Natural group ($1.0{\pm}0.4$). In addition, there was no death and the degree of tracheal stenosis remained always within the safe limit (less than 2.0) in all animals. Conclusion : In a canine model of tracheal stenosis induced using Nd-YAG laser, the usefulness and safety of Natural Stent were similar to those of Dumon Stent. A clinical trial is necessary to document the usefulness and safety of Natural Stent in patients with tracheal stenosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.490-497
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• 2005

Background : The paraoxonase enzyme plays a significant role in the detoxification of various organophosphorous compounds in mammals, and paraoxonase (PON) 1 is one of the endogenous free-radical scavenging systems in the human body. In this study, we investigated the interaction between cigarette smoking and the genetic polymorphism of PON1 with lung cancer in Korean males. Methods : Three hundred thirty five patients with lung cancer and an equal number of age-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Every subject was asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their smoking habits and alcohol drinking habits. A 5' exonuclease assay (TaqMan) was used to genotype the PON1 Q192R polymorphism. The effects of smoking habits and drinking habits, the PON1 Q192R polymorphism and their interactions were statistically analyzed. Results : Cigarette smoking and the Q/Q genotype of PON1 were significant risk factors for lung cancer. Individuals carrying the Q/Q genotype of PON1 were at a higher risk for lung cancer as compared with those individuals carrying the Q/R or R/R genotype (odds ratio, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 - 4.79). When the groups were further stratified by the smoking status, the Q/Q PON1 was associated with lung cancer among the current or ex-smokers (odds ratio, 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.52 - 4.31). Current smokers or ex-smokers who had the Q/Q genotype showed an elevated risk for lung cancer (odds ratio: 15.50, 95% confidence interval: 6.76 - 35.54) as compared with the group of subjects who never smoked, and had the Q/R or R/R genotype. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of smokers with the PON1 Q/Q type compared to the nonsmokers with the PON1 Q/R or R/R type were 53.77 (6.55 - 441.14) for squamous cell carcinoma, 6.25 (1.38 - 28.32) for adenocarcinoma, and 59.94 (4.66 - 770.39) for small cell carcinoma, and these results were statistically significant. Conclusion : These results suggest that cigarette smoking and the PON1 Q/Q genotype are risk factors for lung cancer. The combination of cigarette smoking and the PON1 Q/Q genotype significantly increased the lung cancer risk irrespective of the histologic type of cancer.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.178-189
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• 2003

Purpose: The current study was designed to investigate the expression pattern of chemokine in musculoskeletal tumors, and between primary osteosarcoma and recurred, and postchemotherapy one. Materials and methods: Ten primary soft tissue and bone tumors, one primary, one recurred, one post-chemotherapy osteosarcoma, and one normal control patients were included in the current study. RT-PCR and RPA were used for the investigation of the expression of cytokines and chemokines. Fisher's exact test in SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Results: IL-8 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were expressed in all tumor tissues, IFN-${\gamma}$ was in all except two cases, RANTES was in 5 soft tissue tumors and 4 bone tumors, GRO-${\alpha}$was in one soft tissue tumor and 2 bone tumors, and MCP-1 and IP-10 were in two bone tumors and in all the other group. In recurred osteosarcoma all the cytokines and chemokines were expressed, and the degree of the expression was stronger than the primary, except IFN-${\gamma}$. After chemotherapy, RANTES, IFN-${\beta}$ and TGF${\beta}_1$ among the TGF${\beta}$isoforms were expressed. Conclusion: There were differences in the expression of cytokines and chemokines in some different bone and soft tissue tumors, even though it was impossible to support this statistically due to small numbers of cases. The expression pattern of IFN-${\gamma}$and TGF-${\beta}$ isoform in osteosarcoma could be used for the study of tumor recurrence and the changes after chemotherapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2009

Purpose : Early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia needed prolonged oxygen supplement is a problem. This study aimed to report the effects of early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation on the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in respiratory distress syndrome. Methods : We retrospectively studied 139 premature newborn infants (gestational age, 36 weeks; birth weight, 1,500 gm) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Daegu Fatima Hospital between January 2001 and December 2006. We analyzed the occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with respect to ventilator care and surfactant treatment. Results : The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was significantly higher with prolonged ventilator care, moderate to severe respiratory distress syndrome, and low Apgar score (P<0.001). Despite early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation, mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia occurs in a considerable number of patients with mild respiratory distress syndrome. The patient group with low Apgar scores required ventilator care for a prolonged period (P=0.020). Conclusion : Early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation shortens the duration of ventilator care; however, the preventive effects on bronchopulmonary dysplasia are limited. Therefore, not only early surfactant treatment and minimal ventilation but also appropriate management in the delivery room is essential.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2000

Purpose: Recently, a wide application of gastrofiberscopy in the pediatric group have revealed that nodular duodenitis is not an uncommon disease in children and is suspected to be associated with H. pylori infection. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinical and histopathologic features in children with nodular duodenitis, and to assess the correlations beween both. Methods: During a period of 5 years (Jan. 1995~Dec. 1999), we investigated clinical, endoscopic and histopathologic features of 39 consecutive patients diagnosed as having nodular duodenitis at Pediatric department of Seoul Red Cross Hospital. In 35 children with nodular duodenitis endoscopic biopsy specimens were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin and Giemsa's stain, and were graded according to the criteria outlined by Triadafilopoulos, Whitehead et al., and Prieto et al.. Statistical analyses were performed with Graph PAD InStat. Results: The prevalence rate of nodular duodenitis was 17.1% and the most frequent chief complaint was abdominal pain (69.2%). Endoscopically grade 1 was the most common (45.7%) and nodular gastritis was coexistent in 28.3%. The most common histology of the duodenum was grade 2 (54.3%), and the most common histologic score of the stomach was 2 (42.9%). H. pylori was found in the duodenum in 37.1%, and in the stomach in 31.4%. The correlation coefficient between the endoscopic grade and the histologic grade of nodular duodenitis was 0.3983 (p=0.0178). And the correlation coefficient between the histologic grade and the grade of H. pylori colonization in the duodenum was 0.5154 (p=0.0018). Conclusion: There was significant correlation between the endoscopic grade and the histologic grade of nodular duodenitis, and was also significant correlation between the histologic grade and the grade of H. pylori colonization in the duodenum. Therfore H. pylori infection should be regarded as an etiologic factor of nodular duodenitis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the role of adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children, and to elucidatethe relationship between these adipokines and insulin resistance. Methods: A total of 61 obese children (M : F=42 : 19, mean age 11.2${\pm}$1.3 years) admitted to our facility between March 2004 and June 2005 were included in this study. Patients were divided into three groups based on their NAFLD status obese children without fatty liver (N=23); obese children with simple steatosis (N=20); and obese children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (N=18). The serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, and TNF-${\alpha}$ were measured, and insulin resistance determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was calculated to estimate insulin resistance. In addition, the VSR (visceralsubcutaneous fat ratio) was estimated using abdominal computed tomography. Results: There was no difference in serum TNF-${\alpha}$ and leptin levels observed between the 3 groups (22.13${\pm}$6.37 vs. 21.35${\pm}$6.95 vs. 25.17${\pm}$9.30; p=0.342 & 20.29${\pm}$8.57 vs. 16.42${\pm}$6.85 vs. 20.10${\pm}$7.86; p=0.330). However, the serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in children with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) than in the other two groups (6.08${\pm}$1.38 in children without steatosis vs. 5.69${\pm}$0.79 in simple steatosis vs. 4.93${\pm}$1.75 in NASH; p=0.026). In addition, the VSR was significantly increased in the NASH group (0.31${\pm}$0.08 vs. 0.32${\pm}$0.11 vs. 0.47${\pm}$0.14; p=0.001), and HOMA-IR revealed a significant difference among the three groups (4.77${\pm}$3.67 vs. 6.89${\pm}$7.05 vs. 10.42${\pm}$6.73; p=0.000). However, there was no significant correlation observed between the adiponectin levels and the HOMA-IR or the VSR (r=-0.117; p=0.450 & r=-0.106; p=0.499). Conclusion: Insulin resistance may affect the development of hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in children, and the results of this study suggest that, of several adipokines evaluated, adiponectin is important in the progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis in obese children.