• 대한간호학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.854-863
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• 2017

Purpose: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study of cause-and-effect relationship, which used the $7^{th}$ year data of the Panel Study on Korean Children, to investigate the effects of parenting stress, depression, and family interactions of the parents of early school-age children on children's subjective happiness. Methods: The present study included data of 1419 pairs of parents who participated in the mother and father survey of the Panel Study on Korean Children. The effects of parenting stress, depression, and parental family interactions on children's subjective happiness were analyzed as actor and partner effects using path analysis. Results: Parenting stress had an actor effect on depression; maternal parenting stress (${\beta}=-.21$, p<.001) and depression (${\beta}=-.30$, p<.001) had an actor effect on maternal family interaction; and paternal parenting stress (${\beta}=-.18$, p<.001) and depression (${\beta}=-.17$, p<.001) had a partner effect on maternal family interaction. Paternal parenting stress was found to have an actor effect on paternal family interaction (${\beta}=-.30$, p<.001), and parental depression was found to have actor effect (${\beta}=-.23$, p<.001) and maternal depression had a partner effect on paternal family interactions (${\beta}=-.22$, p<.001). Children's subjective happiness was found to have a statistically significant relationship with maternal family interaction (${\beta}=.40$, p<.001). Conclusion: The significance of the study is in its provision of basic data for adjusting parents' family interactions that are closely related to the growth and development of children by confirming the effect of parents' parenting stress, depression, and family interaction on children's subjective happiness.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.293-300
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• 1997

The aim of present study was to determine the efficacy of immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes for unexplained infertility. It has been apparent that reproductive success may be affected by the presence of abnormal autoantibodies. Unexplained infertility and repeated pregnancy wastage has been reported in the presence of abnormal autoantibodies. These data suffest that abnormal immune function may be an important pathologic entity contributing subfertility in patients with unexplained infertility. Therefore, immunotherapy may be a possible treatment modality for patients with unexplained infertility. Some investigators have reported that a proportion of infertile couples with repeatedly unsuccessful ET showed close histocompatibility similar to those of spontaneous recurrent abortion. Recently, it has been noted that immunotherapy with paternal lymphocytes achieves a high efficacy in preventing subsequent abortion in women with primary recurrent abortion of unknown cause, which was mediated by immune reaction including blocking antibody. To substantiate the hypothesis, we applied immunotherapy preceding Peritoneal Oocyte and Sperme transfer (POST) to 43 patients, 47 cycles of 82 patients, 89 cycles with at least three previous IUI failure from April, 1993 to February, 1995. There were no significant differences between treatment and control group in clinical response and hormonal response to controlled hyperstimulation. there was no significant difference between treatment and control group in pregnant rates per cycles (42.6% versus 28.6%), but a significantly lower abortion rate per pregnancy in treatment group, with 10.0% (2/20) compared with 50.03% (6/12) in control group. This study may suggest that immune therapy for patients with unexplained infertility with paternal lymphocytes might be beneficial.

• 한국노년학
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.277-297
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• 2014

본 연구는 청년기 손자녀의 인식을 기초로 조손간의 유대관계를 이해하는 것에 목적을 두었으며 손자녀 성(손자, 손녀)과 조부모 혈족(친조부모, 외조부모)에 따라 구분하여 조손관계를 분석하였다. 연구대상은 조부모님이 적어도 한 분 이상 생존해 계시는 만 19~25세의 청년세대 501명을 대상으로 자기보고식 설문지를 통해 평가하였다. 손자녀와 조부모간의 직접적 관계에 기초한 주요 특성변인들이 손자녀 성에 따라 차이가 있는지 t검증을 실시하고, 조손유대에 대한 부모특성변인들과 개인특성변인들의 설명력을 확인하기 위해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 손자녀 성에 따라 친조부모와의 가치유사성, 친조부모와의 유대, 외조부모와의 접촉에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 지각된 아버지-조부모 관계 질, 어머니-조부모 관계 질, 접촉, 가치유사성은 모든 조손관계에서 조손유대를 유의미하게 예측하였으나, 각 특성변인의 상대적인 설명력은 각 조손관계에 따라 다양한 양상으로 나타나 조손유대를 설명하는 메커니즘이 손자, 손녀와 부계, 모계에 따라 다름을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과에 기초한 한국문화적 맥락에 따른 함의와 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의에 제시하였다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.57-74
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• 2007

본 연구는 가족건강성과 부모의 학업기대유형에 따른 청소년 학습동기의 차이에 대해 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 조사대상은 대구광역시에 소재하는 중학교의 2, 3학년 508명이고, 조사방법은 질문지를 사용하였다. 자료분석은 MANOVA, 그리고 사후검증법으로 Scheffe 검증을 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 연구결과와 논의를 통해서 얻은 요약 및 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족건강성에 따른 청소년의 내적학습동기와 외적학습동기에 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 가족건강성이 높다고 지각한 청소년들이 중간 정도로 지각한 청소년들보다, 가족건강성을 중간 정도로 지각한 청소년들이 가족건강성을 낮게 지각한 청소년들보다 내적학습동기가 더 높게 나타났다. 또 가족건강성을 높게 지각하는 청소년들이 낮거나 중간 정도로 지각하는 청소년들보다 외적학습동기가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부모의 학업기대유형에 따른 청소년의 내적학습동기에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 부모의 학업기대유형을 부 지지 - 모 지지, 부 압박 - 모 지지, 부 지지 - 모 압박기대유형으로 지각하는 청소년들이 부 압박 - 모 압박기대유형으로 지각하는 청소년들에 비해 내적학습동기가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 외적학습동기에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 가족건강성과 부모의 학업기대유형에 따라 내적학습동기에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 구체적으로 살펴보면 가족건강성을 높게, 그리고 중간정도로 지각한 청소년 집단에 있어서는 부모의 학업기대유형에 따라 청소년의 내적학습동기에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 가족건강성을 낮게 지각하는 청소년 집단에 있어서는 부모의 학업기대유형을 부 지지 - 모 지지, 부 압박 - 모 지지, 부 지지 - 모 압박기대유형으로 지각하는 청소년들이 부 압박 - 모 압박기대유형으로 지각하는 청소년들보다 내적학습동기가 더 높게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1999

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of paternal sex chromosome on early development of buffalo embryos fertilized and cultured in vitro. Embryos were produced in vitro from abattoir derived buffalo oocytes. The cleaved embryos were cocultured with buffalo oviductal epithelial cells and evaluated on day 7 under the phase contrast microscope to classify development. The embryos which reached the morula/blastocyst stage were fast developing, the embryos which were at 16-32 cell stage were medium developing and the embryos below 16 cell stage were slow developing. The embryos which showed some fragmentation in the blastomeres or degenerated blastomeres, were degenerating. Sex of emberyos (n=159) was determined using PCR for amplification of a male specific BRY. 1 (301 bp) and a buffalo specific satellite DNA (216 bp) fragments. The results thus obtained show that 1) X and Y chromosome bearing sperms fertilize oocytes to give almost equal numbers of cleaved XX and XY embryos, 2) male embryos develop faster than female embryos to reach advanced stage and 3) degeneration of buffalo embryos is not linked with the paternal sex chromosome. We suggest that faster development of males is due to differential processing of X and Y chromosome within the zygote for its activation and / or differential expression of genes on paternal sex chromosome sex chromosome during development of buffalo embryos fertilized and cultured in vitro which may be attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

• 아동학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.87-102
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of paternal participation in child care and social support on planning for a second childbirth, focusing on the mediating effect of the mother's parenting stress. The 887 subjects studied in this paper were mothers who have a first child, and were selected from a sample of the 2nd Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC) by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education(KICCE), conducted in 2009. Data was analyzed using a Structural Equation Model(SEM) to identify a structure and relationships among factors. The significance of indirect effects to test the mediating effect of maternal parenting stress was identified via bootstrapping. Results indicated that maternal parenting stress partially mediated the relationship between the father's participation in child care and planning for a second childbirth, and absolutely mediated the relationship between social support and planning for a second childbirth. The findings reveal the importance of reducing parenting stress, given its substantial impact on planning for a second childbirth.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.405-420
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to find pathways among factors that distinguish the mothers' intention to have a second child. As for factors affecting the childbirth intention of mothers, this study aimed to explore pathways from fathers' participation in childrearing to intention of second childbirth as mediating variables, maternal parenting stress and marital satisfaction. This study used the third wave data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) that is a national-representative birth-cohort study. Among the 1,802 participants of the PSKC, 717 mothers who have a husband/partner and only one child have responded a decided intention of second childbirth. SPSS 19.0 and Amos 19.0 were used to implement exploratory analyses of predictors and test path models. Results showed that the hypothetical model assuming a path from paternal involvement in childrearing to mothers' intention of second childbirth, mediated by maternal parenting stress and marital satisfaction fitted the data of working mothers and non-working mothers well. The results suggest policies focusing on internal characteristics of mothers and dynamics in the family.

• 아동학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of paternal smoking on the developmental levels of children younger than 3 years of age. For this purpose, the paper made use of data from the Panel Study on Korean Children which has been released in 3 waves - 2008, 2009, and 2010. The main findings are as follows. First, the smoking characteristics of parents (e.g., the amount of smoking in the morning, the time starting the first cigarette of the day) rather than the duration of smoking or whether the father smoked or not revealed significant relationships with developmental levels. Second, children whose fathers preferred smoking in the morning exhibited lower activity levels or more areas with developmental delays than did their counterparts. Third, children whose fathers smoked more than 11 cigarettes a day were more likely to show problematic developmental levels, especially among those whose fathers responded so only for 1 year out of 3 years. Based on these findings, this study suggests that future research may be conducted, relating to the mechanisms through which morning smoking affects children and possible interventions for such morning smokers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate depression in child cancer survivors. Methods: The participants in this descriptive research were 103 adolescents who agreed to participate. All of the adolescents were diagnosed as completely cured but remained under follow-up observation as outpatients. A structured questionnaire including the depression scale developed by Shin et al. (1991), a self-esteem scale developed by Rosenberg (1965) and a social support scale developed by Kim & Park (1999), Lee (1997) were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean scores were, for self-esteem, 36.01, for paternal support, 57.21, for maternal support, 59.98, for peer support, 22.19, for teachers support, 21.07 and for depression, 27.95. Scores for depression were significantly different according to academic achievement, satisfaction with appearances, diagnosis and prognosis. Depression was negatively correlated with self-esteem, paternal support, maternal support, peer support, and teachers support. Variables affecting depression were peer support and self-esteem, accounting for 47.0% of the variance. Conclusion: The findings indicate that peer support and self-esteem, follow by maternal, paternal and teachers support, are important variables in the occurrence of depression in these adolescents. Further study is needed to develop strategies to increase this support and self-esteem.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.617-632
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• 2015

This study examines the effects of paternal parenting behaviors, child-rearing involvement, and father-child communication perceived by children on their leadership. A total of 197 children selected from three elementary schools and their fathers participated in this study. Data were collected using a parenting behavior index, a child-rearing involvement inventory, a father-child communication inventory, and a children's leadership index and statistically analyzed using the t-test, a one-way ANOVA ($Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test), and a multiple regression analysis. The results show significant differences in children's leadership according to the father's education level, family income, the father's warmth/acceptance, the father's family activity involvement, and open/problematic communication between the father and the child. The child's age, the father's education level, family income, the father's warmth/acceptance, open communication, and problematic communication were significant predictors of the child's leadership. These results suggest that a child's leadership may be strengthened if the father is warmer and more accepting and has open communication with the child.