• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4 s.114
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• pp.510-517
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• 2005

The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena is capable of both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation which probably facilitated its incredible adaptation and proliferation in freshwater environments. A small gene, patS, was found to block nitrogen fixing cells from developing which resulted in death of Anabaena in the absence of combined nitrogen sources. We analyzed the DNA sequences in the vicinity of the patS gene by using a codon usage program and detected no codon bias other than the patS open reading frame. Three overlapping cosmids that contain the patS gene were identified, and the presence of other known heterocyst-controlling genes was examined. The patS expression in response to nitrogen starvation was analyzed at the level of transcription and translation by using Northern blot analyses and lacZ-reporter-gene fusion experiments, respectively. The patS expression increased rapidly (within 12 hours) upon the removal of combined nitrogen from the media.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 1995

An Avabidofsis thaliana gene encoding phosphoribosyl anthranilate transferase is shown to be the gene that is defective in blue fluorescent trp 1 mutant plants. This gene, named PAT1, coding region is homologous to those for the phosphoribosyl anthranilate transferase from many microorganisms. This is due to a defect in tryptophan biosynthesis that leads to an accumulation of anthranilate, a fluorescent intermediate in the tryptophan pathway. PAT1 is a single-copy gene that complements all of the visible phenotypes of the different trp1 mutants. Experiments to determine the regulation of the PAT1 gene are in progress. The wild-type PAT1 promoter and several promoter deletions of PAT1 gene have been transformed into Arabidopsis tryptophan mutants. These constructs might identify promoter elements that control this patterns. We have isolated the homozygous lines in T3 seeds and analysed the protein levels using PAT antibody and PAT protein level increased two fold in pHSl07. Finally, the potential of using PAT1 as a selectable marker or visible reporter of gene expression is being explored.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 1996

Phosphoribosylanthranilate transferase (PAT) catalyzes the second step of the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway and is encoded by a single-copy gene that complements all the visible phenotypes of the tryptophan mutant (trp1-100) of Arabidopsis. The trp1-100 is blue fluorescent under UV light becuase it accumulates anthranilate. To obtain a plant with reduced PAT activity, PAT1 genes with several internal deletions in different promoter regions (pHS 101, pHS102, pHS104, pHS105, and pHS107) were induced into trp1-100 via Agrobacterium. Then, homozygous T3 plants were isolated and examined for blue fluorescence. Introduction of the PAT1 gene fusants results in the reversion of fluorescence phenotype except in the case of pHS105. These results prompted us to perform a parallel analysis of anthranilate synthase and PAT interms of the genetic complementation. A plant line carrying pHS105 gene fusant does not completely complement the blue fluorescence but it accumulates less anthranilate than trp1-100. The activity of PAT was reduced in the transgenic mutant as well. The plant carrying these constructs will add to the growing collection of molecular tools for the study of the indolic secondary metabolism.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.31.1-31.6
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• 2016

Background: The objective of this study was to develop an efficient selectable marker for transgenic Dunaliella salina. Results: Tests of the sensitivity of D. salina to the antibiotic chloramphenicol and the herbicide Basta$^{(R)}$ showed that cells ($1.0{\times}10^6cells/ml$) treated with 1000 or $1500{\mu}g/ml$ chloramphenicol died in 8 or 6 days, respectively, whereas D. salina cells ($1.0{\times}10^6cells/ml$) treated with 5, 10, 20, or $40{\mu}g/ml$ Basta$^{(R)}$ died in 2 days. Therefore, D. salina is more sensitive to Basta$^{(R)}$ than to chloramphenicol. To examine the possibility of using the phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (pat) gene as a selectable marker gene, we introduced the pat genes into D. salina with particle bombardment system under the condition of helium pressure of 900 psi from a distance of 3 cm. PCR analysis confirmed that the gene was stably inserted into the cells and that the cells survived in $5{\mu}g/ml$ Basta$^{(R)}$, the medium used to select the transformed cells. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the pat gene can be used as an efficient selectable marker when producing transgenic D. salina.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2009-2018
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• 2018

Leuconostoc mesenteroides can be used to produce mannitol by fermentation, but the mannitol productivity is not high. Therefore, in this study we modified the chromosome of Leuconostoc mesenteroides by genetic methods to obtain high-yield strains for mannitol production. In this study, gene knock-out strains and gene knock-in strains were constructed by a two-step homologous recombination method. The mannitol productivity of the pat gene (which encodes phosphate acetyltransferase) deletion strain (${\Delta}pat::amy$), the fk gene (which encodes fructokinase) deletion strain (${\Delta}fk::amy$) and the stpk gene (which encodes serine-threonine protein kinase) deletion strain (${\Delta}stpk::amy$) were all increased compared to the wild type, and the productivity of mannitol for each strain was 84.8%, 83.5% and 84.1%, respectively. The mannitol productivity of the mdh gene (which encodes mannitol dehydrogenase) knock-in strains (${\Delta}pat::mdh$, ${\Delta}fk::mdh$ and ${\Delta}stpk::mdh$) was increased to a higher level than that of the single-gene deletion strains, and the productivity of mannitol for each was 96.5%, 88% and 93.2%, respectively. The multi-mutant strain ${\Delta}dts{\Delta}ldh{\Delta}pat::mdh{\Delta}stpk::mdh{\Delta}fk::mdh$ had mannitol productivity of 97.3%. This work shows that multi-gene knock-out and gene knock-in strains have the greatest impact on mannitol production, with mannitol productivity of 97.3% and an increase of 24.7% over wild type. This study used the methods of gene knock-out and gene knock-in to genetically modify the chromosome of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. It is of great significance that we increased the ability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides to produce mannitol and revealed its broad development prospects.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2004

This study was conducted to simple transformants selection by herbicide Basta treatment after transformation with Agrobacteium tumefaciens MP90/PAT in hybrid poplar(Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa No. 3). In preliminary study, we determined that the lethal concentration of herbicide Basta was 1.0mg/L in callus culture, adventitious bud formation and axillary bud elongation experiment. By the treatment of 1.0mg/L Basta, we could be selected the transformed shoots effectively from the various cultures. In addition, the treatment was useful on selection of transformants which are growing in soil pot. Finally, we also confirmed the transformation by PAT assay, Above results show that the herbicide Basta treatment and PAT assay can be a very simple and effective method for the identification of PAT gene transformed hybrid poplar.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to introduce phosphinothricin acetyl -transferase(PAT) gene, resistant to basta and non-selective herbidide, into tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum cv.BY4). For shoot formation,tobacco leaf disks were placed on the MS medium supplemented with 2.0mg/L BA and 0.1mg/L NAA. In this medium condition, tobacco leaf disces were cocultivated with A. tumefaciens MP90 containing NPT IIand PAT resistant to kanamycin and Basta, respectively. Shoots were obtained in the medium containing antibiotics, and those were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L NAA and antibiotics. The plants obtaining roots were transplanted into soil. Phenotype of transgenic tobacco plant was mostly as normal plant. However, about 5% was abnormal plant, which did not set seeds. PCR analysis and southern blot were performed to determine transformation. As the results, it was confirmed that PAT gene was stably integrated into tobacco genome.When herbicide, basta, was sprayed to the plants confirmed by PCR, the transgenic plants showed normal growth, whereas normal plants died. Therefore, the result of this experiment show that tobacco transformation for the resistance to basta, non-selective herbicide, was successful because PAT gene was stably integrated into tobacco.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.681-684
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• 2007

An immunoassay method was developed to quantitatively detect phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase (PAT) encoded by the Bialaphos resistance (bar) gene in genetically modified (GM) pepper. The histidine-tagged PAT was overexpressed in Escherichia coli M15 (pQE3l-bar) and efficiently purified by $Ni^{2+}$ affinity chromatography. A developed sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) method (detection limit: $0.01{\mu}g/ml$) was 100-fold more sensitive than a competitive indirect ELISA (CI-ELISA) method or Western blot analysis in detecting the recombinant PAT. In real sample tests, PAT in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) peppers was successfully quantified [$4.9{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/g$ of sample (n=6)] by the S-ELISA method. The S-ELISA method developed here could be applied to other GMHT crops and vegetables producing PAT.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.353-357
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• 2001

Transformation of ginseng plants was achieved by biolistic system with cotyledon explants and callus using phosphinothricin acetyl-transferase (PAT) gene resisting to a herbicide of Bialaphos. The binary vector for transformation was constructed with disarmed Ti-plasmid and with double 355 promoter. The introduced NPT II and PAT genes of the transgenic ginseng plants were successfully identified by the PCR, and the survival test on the medium with basta. The transgenic ginseng plants were propagated using repetitive secondary embryogenesis. The transgenic ginseng plantlets had normal structures of roots and shoots, and dormant buds for new year sprouting. We transferred the transgenic plants to greenhouse and observed the continuing growth until a new year.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2006

Background and Objectives : Thyroid carcinoma is the sixth commonest cancer in Korea and the papillary carcinoma is the most common type(88%) of the malignant thyroid tumors. Bulky DNA adducts formed by the carcinogens are repaired by DNA repair process, but failure to repair this DNA damage can cause mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes resulting in tumor formation. The xeroderma pigmentosum group C(XPC) gene is essential for this repair procedure and the XPC-PolyAT(PAT) polymorphisms may alter DNA repair capacity(DRC) and genetic susceptibility to cancer. Subjects and Methods : In a case-control study of 113 Korean patients with pathologically diagnosed thyroid papillary carcinoma and 65 control subjects, we investigated the association between the three XPC-PAT gene polymorphisms and thyroid papillary cancer susceptibility. Results : The frequency of the variant XPC-PAT allele was lower in the cases(0.349) than in the controls (0.423), but the difference was not significant(p=0.140). Using logistic regression adjusting for age and sex, risk for thyroid papillary cancer was not increased in the XPC-PAT-/+ and XPC-PAT+/+ compared to XPCPAT-/-(adjusted overall odds ratio[95% confidence intervals;95%CI]=0.52[0.26-1.03] and 0.62 [0.22-1.75], respectively; trend test, p=0.167). Conclusion : There are no relationship between the XPC-PAT polymorphism and the risk of thyroid papillary carcinoma in Korean population. Based on our results, XPC-PAT polymorphism do not modulate genetic susceptibility to thyroid papillary cancer.