• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.436-445
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• 2015

The effects of substituting whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder for rice flour in the preparation of seolgiddeok were determined by objective and subjective tests. Milk whey is drained from milk curd as a by-product of the cheese manufactureing process. Whey protein is known as a good nutritional source and is a functional material for many processed foods. WPC contains more than 80% whey protein. The moisture content decreased gradually during storage and the decrease in moisture was less in the control than in the WPC powder substituted groups. The color lightness (L) decreased significantly as the amount of WPC powder increased, wherease redness (a) and yellowness (b) both increased. Texture analyses revealed that the hardness, chewiness, gumminess and adhesiveness of seolgiddeok tended to increase in proportion to the amount of WPC powder in the formula. Seolgiddeok gelatinization was investigated by amylographing. Initial pasting temperature, peak viscosity, hot pasting viscosity and breakdown were low in seolgiddeok prepared with WPC powder substituted for rice flour. Setback had the lowest value in the control. Sensory evaluations revealed that, seolgiddeok prepared with 3% WPC powder had the highest overall acceptability score. These results indicated that WPC seolgiddeok with 3% WPC powder has the best quality.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2005

Molecular structures and functional properties of starches isolated from normal, waxy, and zero amylose barleys were examined. Amylopectins from zero amylose starch had the largest molecular weight $(M_w)$, whereas those from high amylose starch, the smallest. A good correlation between the $(M_w)$ and the radius of gyration $(R_g)$ was observed among amylopectins from various starches, indicating similar polymeric conformation in solution even with the differences in the $(M_w)$. The debranched amylopectin molecules from different types of barley starches exhibited similar profiles, implying that the packing geometry of double helices in the different types of barley starches may be similar. Zero amylose starch showed the highest peak viscosity (326 RVU) in RV A viscograms at lower pasting temperature $(67.6^{\circ}C)$, compared to normal and high amylose starches. Relationship between RVA peak viscosity and amylose content suggested that the presence of amylose inhibited the development of granular swelling of barley starches during cooking. A rapid retrogradation, traced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and strain-controlled rheometry, occurred in the high amylose starch sample during storage, while zero amylose starch showed a very good resistance to retrogradation, indicating excellent storage stability.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2023

The transplanting period limit considering the rice yield in the Dague region, the inland plains of Gyeongsangbuk-do, was estimated to be July 15^th for early and mid-maturing rice and July 5^th for mid-late maturing rice. However, as the transplanting time was delayed, the characteristics of rice starch changed significantly. In the case of early and mid-maturing rice varieties, the starch granule size increased as the transplanting time was delayed; the opposite tendency was observed for mid-late maturing varieties. In all mature rice types, the late transplanting resulted in a longer pasting time and a higher pasting temperature. In addition, the peak viscosity, breakdown, and gelatinization temperature were significantly lowered, the relative crystallinity degree decreased, and the setback was significantly increased. In the case of Ilpum, a mid-late maturing rice variety, the distribution of amylopectin short chains tended to increase when rice was transplanted on June 30^th.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.561-569
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• 2009

The effects of substituting whey protein isolate (WPI) powder for rice flour during the preparation of paeksulgi (Korean rice cake) were evaluated by objective and subjective tests. Milk whey is drained from milk curd as a by-product of the cheese manufacturing process. Whey protein is known as a good nutritional source and a functional material for many processed foods. WPI contains more than 90% whey protein. The moisture content decreased gradually during storage and the decrease was less in control than WPI powder-substituted groups. The color lightness (L) decreased significantly with increasing WPI powder, wherease the redness (a) and yellowness (b) both increased. Texture analyses revealed that the hardness, chewiness, gumminess, adhesiveness and fracturability of paeksulgitended to increase in proportion to the amount of WPI powder added. Evaluation of the gelatinization of paeksulgi by amylographing revealed that the initial pasting temperature, peak viscosity, hot pasting viscosity and breakdown was lower in samples that contained WPI powder. However, the lowest setback value was observed in the control. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that paeksulgi prepared with 2% WPI powder had the highest overall acceptability. Taken together, these results suggest that WPI paeksulgi containing 2% WPI powder has the best quality.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.2 s.92
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• pp.193-203
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• 2006

The quality characteristics of cookies containing black rice flour, which has a greater variety of functional components than wheat flour, were studied. The results of the pasting properties shows that the inclusion of black rice flour to the wheat flour-mixture did not affect the pasting temperature but increased the enthalpy, indicating that more energy is needed for the starch gelatinization. The total dietary fiber and total polyphenol content increased and the cookies color became darker and deeper with increasing black rice flour content. According to the results from TA on texture, the hardness decreased and the crispness increased significantly (both, p<0.001) with increasing black rice flour content. From the acceptance test, the appearance, aroma and texture of the cookies with added black rice flour were significantly (p<0.001) lower than those of the wheat flour cookies. However, the taste and overall acceptance of the cookies with added black rice (lour did not differ significantly from those of the wheat flour cookies. According to the results from the sensory evaluation, the aroma, black rice flavor, crispness, graininess and color(gray-violet) of the cookies increased significantly(p<0.001) with increasing black rice flour content and those of the cookies with 30% black rice flour had the highest values among the cookies which weren't significantly different from those of the cookies with 20% black rice flour. From the above results, the optimal ratio for the addition of black rice flour to the cookies was 10% from the viewpoint of the sensory evaluation and functional components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.685-694
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• 2006

The quality characteristics of cookies containing brown rice flour, which has a greater variety of functional components than wheat flour, were studied. The results of the pasting properties shows that the inclusion of brown rice flour to the wheat flour-mixture did not affect the pasting temperature for up to 30% inclusion. The total dietary fiber and total polyphenol content increased and color of the cookies became darker with increasing brown rice flour content. According to the results from TA on texture, the hardness decreased and the crispness increased significantly(p<0.001, p<0.05, respectively) with increasing brown rice flour content. From the acceptance test, the aroma and texture of the cookies with added brown rice flour were significantly(p<0.001) lower than those of the wheat flour cookies. However, the appearance, taste, and overall acceptance of the cookies with added brown rice flour did not differ significantly from those of the wheat flour cookies. According to the results from the sensory evaluation, the savory aroma of the cookie with 30% brown rice flour was significantly strong(p<0.001). The brown rice flavor of the cookies with brown rice flour was significantly stronger(p<0.001) than that of the wheat flour cookie, but there were no significant differences among the cookies with brown rice flour in it. The crispness of the cookies increased significantly(p<0.001) with the inclusion of brown rice flour in the mixture, especially for the mixture with 30% brown rice flour which had the highest value of crispness among the cookies. The graininess and brown color of the cookies increased significantly(p<0.001) with increasing brown rice flour content, especially for the mixture with 30% brown rice flour which had the highest values among the cookies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.109-113
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• 2019

The soft rice varieties, Hangaru and Singil, were developed via mutation breeding using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment to obtain dry-milled rice flours. The physicochemical, morphological, and pasting properties of these starches were compared with those of Seolgaeng and Chuchung starches. Singil starch was found to exhibit the highest amylose content and initial pasting temperature, whereas Hangaru starch exhibited the highest water binding capacity and swelling power. Hangaru starch's granule size at $d_{50}$ was the largest among the four different starch types. Some Seolgaeng, Hangaru, and Singil granules were observed to have a round-faced polygon shape. Furthermore, the crystallinity of all four starch types was type A. The peak, trough, and final viscosities of the soft rice starches were also lower than those of normal starches. Notably, Hangaru starch showed the highest breakdown viscosity, but the lowest total setback viscosity among the four starches. From these results, the starch characteristics of the soft rice flours were discovered to be different based on the rice variety.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.232-233
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• 2003

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.644-650
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• 1999

A normal and a waxy hull-less barley with similar ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were selected, and the effects of ${\beta}-glucans$ on rheological and pasting properties were investigated by using their flour extracts and isolated ${\beta}-glucan$ gum materials. ${\beta}-Glucans$ in the barley cultivars were extracted in a crude form with alkaline extraction, and the waxy hull-less barley produced more ${\beta}-glucan$ gum yield. The waxy barley also showed higher viscosities of water and alkaline flour extracts, compared to the normal barley. Both normal and waxy barley ${\beta}-glucan$ gums exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior, and increasing ${\beta}-glucan$ concentration increased viscosity in a similar manner. The normal barley flour had a higher amylograph peak viscosity than did waxy barley flour. On the other hand, waxy barley flour with treatment of $HgCl_2$ demonstrated considerably higher increase in peak viscosity. Pasting characteristics of normal and waxy barley starches in the presence of ${\beta}-glucan$ gum solutions were tested using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA). ${\beta}-Glucan$ gums increased the pasting viscosities of the barley starches, and the synergistic increase in viscosity appeared to be higher in the normal barley starch.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.614-620
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• 2013

The quality characteristics of Backsulgi added with red rice flours at different ratios were investigated to apply in the food industry. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash and amylose contents of the red rice flour samples were 5.3, 9.5, 2.0, 1.1 and 4.7%, respectively. The pasting properties of the non-waxy rice flour mixtures to which red rice flour samples were added were measured by RVA. As the content of red rice flour increased, the values of peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown and setback were decreased, while the pasting temperature was not significantly affected. The lightness (L) value of the Backsulgi decreased, but the redness (a) value, moisture content and the degree of gelatinization increased with an increase in the red rice flour samples. The hardness increased, while cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness decreased with the increase in the red rice flour. The overall acceptance of sensory evaluation showed the highest value for 8% red rice (BRWM8). In conclusion, the addition of 8% red rice flours could improve the sensory quality of the Backsulgi as well retrogradations.