• 비교문화연구
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• 제43권
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• pp.459-483
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• 2016

The main objective of this paper is to test the major prediction of the Aspect Hypothesis on interlanguage narratives collected from 171 Ibibio ESL learners in a classroom setting using sets of picture stories. Aspect Hypothesis predicts that lexical aspectual classes of verbs would determine the pattern of acquisition and distribution of tense-aspect morphology at the very early stages of L2 acquisition of tense-aspect verbal morphology. That is, telic verbs would be marked with the past tense-aspect verbal morphology before atelic verbs in the interlanguage of ESL learners irrespective of their L1 background. The results of our data analyses show a significant effect from the lexical aspect on the acquisition and distribution of tense-aspect morphology with chi-square statistics of ($x^2=196.92$,df = 6, n = 1664, p = <.0001). However, the effect of the lexical aspect is shown to be more prominent among Ibibio ESL learners at higher levels of proficiency. This is contrary to the prediction regarding Aspect Hypothesis. The paper concludes that the influence of the lexical aspect on the pattern of acquisition and distribution of tense-aspect morphology may be universal but the actual point along the developmental pathway when such influence is obtainable is yet to be determined. This calls for more research into the pattern of the L2 acquisition of tense-aspect verbal morphology.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2001

최근 여러 상용 기계번역 시스템들이 발표되고 있다. 하지만 아직은 많은 시스템들이 오역된 결과를 출력하는 문제점을 안고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 오역 중에서 시제처리 때문에 발생하는 오류에 중점을 둔다. 본 논문에서는 한국어의 시제를 영어의 현재, 과거, 미래, 현재완료 과거완료 미래완료 현재진행 과거진행, 미래진행, 현재완료진행, 과거완료진행, 미래완료진행 등 12시제와 비교한다. 이와 함께 한국어 시제의 의미를 분석하고, 시제의 구조를 개념그래프에 기반 하여 기술한다. 실험에서는 시제가 포함된 문장을 입력받아 개념그래프로 변환하는 프로그램을 구현하고 그 결과를 기술한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.502-510
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• 2013

본고에서는 시제의 일반적 정의와 상에 관한 개념들을 정리 하였다. 시제는 시간을 나타내는 동사의 굴절형'이고 따라서 시제는 문법범주의 하나로서 영어의 경우 현재시제와 과거시제를 인정하고 있다. 시제처럼 상을 문법범주로 인정한다면 그 기술 대상은 당연히 문법적 표현에 국한될 것이고 반대로 문법범주가 아닌 의미범주로 간주하면 문법적 표현은 물론이고 어휘적 표현까지 기술대상이 될 것이다. 따라서 상은 문법범주로서 명시되어 있고 특히 영어의 상은 진행형과 완료형의 두 형태로 국한하고 있다. 이 경우에 진행상(the progressive aspect)은 진행형, 완료상(the perfect aspect)은 완료형을 가리킨다. 제 2장에서는 여러 학자들의 시제에 관한 정의를 살펴보고 또한 각 시제의 용법들을 정의 하였다. 3장에서는 상의 정의를 제시하였고, 상에는 문법적, 의미적상이 있음을 여러 학자들의 정의를 통하여 알아보았다. 시제와 상은 어떻게 보면 간단한 문법 범주이나 시각을 좀더 달리하면 다양한 스펙트럼을 가진 범주로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 시제와 상의 정의가 명확해지면 영어교육의 피대상자가 언어를 이해하는데 많은 도움이 될 것이다. 더하여 다양한 영역에서 시제와 상에 관한 개념정의가 필요하고 더 많은 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 인지과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.5-20
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• 1996

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2022

This study investigates the cooccurrence between temporal adverbs and grammatical tenses in Spanish and contrasts temporal specifications across Spanish, English, and Chinese. Based on a monolingual Spanish corpus and a trilingual parallel corpus, the study identified the top ten frequent single-word temporal adverbs collocating with grammatical tenses in Spanish. It also contrasted the cooccurrence of temporal adverbs and verb tenses in three languages. The results show that aun 'still', hoy 'today', and ahora 'now' collocate with the present tense at more than 80%. Ayer 'yesterday' and finalmente 'finally' cooccurring with the simple past tense are at 84% and 69%, respectively. Then, mientras 'meanwhile' collocates with the past imperfect at 55%, the highest of all. Mañana 'tomorrow' cooccurs with the future and present tenses at 34%. Other adverbs, ya 'already', siempre 'always', and nuevamete 'again', do not present a strong cooccurrence tendency with a tense overall. The contrastive analysis of the trilingual parallel corpus shows a comprehensive view of temporal specifications in the three languages. However, no clear one-to-one mapping pattern of the cooccurrence across the three languages can be concluded, which provides helpful insights for second language instruction with natural language data rather than intuition. Future research with larger corpora is needed.

• 무역학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.155-171
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• 2020

In reality, there are numerous [Note: I advise to change the tone to being more certain, as opposed to offering a possibility. You need to emphasize the seriousness of the conditions that your study wants to talk about] non-tariff trade barriers under free trade agreements, with various stakeholders having different trade-off interests. This study focuses on the rules of origin verification and considers cases in which domestic firms, foreign firms, and domestic consumer groups compete politically for their rent protection in the domestic market. As in Gwande et al. (2006), cross-border lobbies are considered possible wherein foreign firms also lobby the government to influence the decision-making process of how stringently to verify the rules of origin. [Note: Starting here, switch to past tense because a: study intentions above can be in present tense, b: study procedures should be in past tense] In this study, we assumed that all stakeholders form interest groups and present political contributions to the government based on their interests. The stringency of the rules of origin verification was then determined through this political process, and we compared this to a socially optimal one in the analysis. It was found that the verification was less stringent when there was cross-border lobbying than the socially optimal one.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.295-309
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• 2001

The simple forms in English have mostly been investigated in terms of tense, especially by those who do not distinguish between tense and aspect in English. However, we often find some usages of the simple forms that do not seem to fit in any of the meanings of tense. The purpose of this paper is to find aspectual meanings out of the simple present and past forms by re-analyzing their meanings in terms of aspect. It turns out that they represent the perfective aspect seeing a situation as a whole with no beginning. middle and end. As for the controversial stative situations in the simple forms, they have been proven to show the perfective aspect, too, if we agree to see both the part and whole in state as having the same features. And syntactic evidences from the simple forms and their corresponding progressive forms compared also show that the habitual dynamic situations represent the same aspect in the simple forms.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.43-66
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• 2012

In this paper, I attempt to define the semantics of cikum 'now' in Korean. To define it precisely, we need to look at how it interacts with different aspectual classes of verbs and with the semantics of tenses and aspects. In doing this we need to define the semantics of tenses and aspects. Here we run into the question of whether ess is a tense marker or an aspect marker. I assume that it is ambiguous. There are still cases where it is not clear whether ess is used as a tense marker or an aspect marker in an actual sentence. I discuss two such cases: one in which it is used with verbs like tochakha 'arrive' which have no salient resulting states, and one in which a state verb is used with cikum-kkaci 'until now'. The semantics of cikum can be defined differently depending on whether ess is a tense or an aspect. By discussing ko iss, which is an imperfect marker, I conclude that cikum means ${\lambda}P{\lambda}i[u{\subseteq}i{\wedge}P(i)]$, that is, a relation between a set of times which include an utterance time and a set of properties of times.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2018

본 연구는 자기 이해를 바탕으로 자신의 가능성을 발견하고, 하고자 하는 일에 대한 가치를 찾도록 하는 진로탐색 프로그램으로서 아바타 제작 미술활동을 개발하고 적용한 후 그 효과성과 칼라코드 매체를 활용한 자신의 명함, 영상을 감상함으로써 얻을 수 있는 효과성을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 중학교 1학년 학생을 대상으로 총 5차시, '과거시제', '현재시제', '미래시제'로 구성하여 진행하였다. 그 결과 진로탐색을 위한 아바타제작 미술교육 프로그램을 통해 얻은 교육적 효과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생이 자신에 대한 마인드맵을 통해 내면을 알아감으로써 자신의 특성과 흥미를 깨달아 자신이 하고자 하는 일의 가치를 알게 되었다. 둘째, 자아 탐색을 통해 자기이해를 높여 아바타 제작을 함으로써 진로탐색의 계기를 마련할 수 있었다. 셋째, 칼라코드 매체를 이용해 미래의 '명함' 및 '자기영상'을 감상함으로써 진로 설계를 현실화할 수 있는 자기주도적인 태도를 함양할 수 있었다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2018

Using mobile technology in educational and learning environments has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. In this mobile environment, mobile phones have been used to enhance the effectiveness of education in the field, which has been recognized through numerous experimental studies so far. The study was proposed and conducted to find out how much the use of mobile phones can have to improve the grammatical knowledge of EFL students. Introduction of 95 intermediate courses to Chungnam area The second grade students of 4-year college participated in this study. Everyone in the experimental and control groups was given the opportunity to review and recur to use the six grammar formats, including the current complete tense, simple past tense, direct and indirect question sentences, and comparative and superative-based methods. During the class discussion, the participants of the group record their voice on their cell phones, analyze the mistakes in the expressions recorded as a task after the class, and explain the results in the next session. However, in the class of the control group participants, this recording process is omitted. Participants benefited from mobile learning were much more positive in multidimensional grammar tests than those in control groups.