• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2023

Purpose: This non-randomized study was performed to evaluate the effects of music therapy on labor pain, the childbirth experience, and self-esteem in women during vaginal delivery. Methods: In total, 136 primiparous women over 37 weeks of gestation receiving epidural analgesia during vaginal delivery were recruited via convenience sampling. To minimize diffusion effects, data from the control group (n=71) were collected first (April 2020 to March 2021), followed by data from the music group (n=65; April 2021 to May 2022). Participants in the music group listened to classical music during labor, while the control group was offered usual care (no music). Labor pain was measured using a numeric rating scale (NRS), and self-esteem and childbirth experience were collected using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, chi-square test and Cronbach's α coefficients. Results: The overall pain level (NRS) at baseline was 0 in both groups. Mothers in the music therapy group had lower levels of latent pain (t=1.95, p=.005), active pain (t=3.69, p<.001) and transition-phase pain (t=7.07, p<.001) than the control group. A significant difference was observed between the two groups, and the music therapy group expressed more positive perceptions of the childbirth experience (t=-1.36, p=.018). For self-esteem, the experimental group's score was slightly higher, but without a statistically significant difference from the control group. Conclusion: Using music therapy during labor decreased labor pain and improved the childbirth experience. Music therapy can be clinically recommended as a non-pharmacological, safe, and easy method for nursing care in labor.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2024

We compared the reproductive performance, non-productive performance, and milk composition performance of two groups of lactating cows that were either rice straw or tall fescue. We also compared and analyzed these parameters after the first parturition during the breeding period. The calving interval, artificial insemination, and duration from calving to conception were longer in the rice straw group than in the tall fescue group. The 305-day and peak milk yields were significantly higher in the tall fescue group than in the rice straw group (p<0.01). Milk fat content was significantly higher in the tall fescue group than in the rice straw group (p<0.001), but milk protein content was the same between the feeding groups. The difference in raw milk sales income between rice straw and tall fescue groups tended to increase as the number of lactations increased, but there was no effect of reduced feed costs. Analysis of the milk production and raw milk sales income of the surveyed farms revealed that the average milk production per head was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the tall fescue group than in the rice straw group, and raw milk sales income showed a similar tendency. Overall, these results provide important details to be considered when selecting feed as a way to reduce milk production and heifer raising costs. However, there remains a need for future follow-up studies exploring the relationship between feed choice and the management of heifers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1089-1096
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• 2003

We investigated postpartum behaviors of sows and their litters. The aim of this study was to determine the behavioral recovery of sows and the behavioral development of their piglets postpartum. Five multiparous sows(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) and their litters were studied over a period of 5 days postpartum. The litter size varied from 8 to 13 with a mean of 11.2 piglets. The behaviors of sows and their piglets were recorded using five CCD cameras, a multiplexer and a time lapsed VCR. The videotapes were scanned every 2 min to obtain an instantaneous behavioral sample. In the behaviors of sows, ‘Lying ventrally’ increased from 1 h postpartum to 26 h postpartum, then decreased gradually, and stabilized after 80 h postpartum. ‘Lying laterally’ decreased from 1 h postpartum to 26 h postpartum and stabilized after 80 h postpartum. ‘Standing, drinking and feeding’ increased from 1 h postpartum to 23 h postpartum, then decreased gradually, and increased again from 60 h postpartum. ‘Sitting’ increased from 1 h postpartum to 46 h postpartum and then decreased. In the behaviors of piglets, ‘Lying’ increased rapidly from 1h postpartum to 45h postpartum, and then was maintained at an almost constant level. ‘Massaging and Suckling’ decreased rapidly from 1 h postpartum to 36 h postpartum, and then was maintained at an almost constant level. ‘Walking’ increased from 1 h postpartum to 21 h postpartum, then decreased gradually. These results suggest that the behavioral recovery of the sow is almost completed at 80h postpartum and that the behavioral development of the piglet is almost completed at 45h postpartum.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate how the lactation regulation such as restricted-lactation and early weaning during the suckling period influences on ovarian functions and change in serum levels of progesterone in primiparous rats. All the rats were raised in the individual cage from a few days before parturition through the suckling period. The normal lactation(NL) groups were controled 8 pups. The restricted-lactation(RL) and weaned(W) groups were subdivided into 5 subgroups as RL0, RL5, RL10, RL15 and RL20 as well as W0, W5, W10, W15, and W20 according to the day of onset of suckling. The number of pups were regulated from 8 to 4 on experimental strating day in RL gropus, and also perfectly weaned on the each on-set day in W groups. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. During the whole suckling period of 25 days the pups in RL group grew significantly(P＜005) faster than those in normal-lactation(NL) group. The pups in earlier RL group grew significantly(P＜0.05) faster than those in later RL rats, and there was no found any significant difference in body weight of pups between RL20 and NL group. The gestation period and litter size were found to be 21.53$\pm$0.04 days and 13.75$\pm$0.07, respectively. 2. The estrous cycle was not expressed in the NL group through the whole suckling period. An irregular estrous cycle was found around day 20 in RL0 group, and the regular estrous cycles were exhibited continuously from day 10 in the day 0 weaned rats. 3. In the rats of NL group the serum progesterone concentration increased from 33.16$\pm$2.64ng/$m\ell$ on day 0 to 122.5$\pm$53.68 ng/$m\ell$ on day 10, and then decreased slightly to 97.30$\pm$3.21 ng/$m\ell$ on day 20, but then decreased abruptly. However, the serum level of progesterone decreased greatly(P＜0.05) in 5 to 10 days following suckling restriction in the rats from which suckling began to be under restriction on day 0 or day 15. In the early weaning group the significant ( (P＜0.05) decrease in progesterone concentration was found similarly in 48 hours following weaning in all the rats weaned on day 0 through day 20. It was suggested that lactation stimulation is a very pivotal on the function of ovary.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.225-233
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• 2000

The aim in this study was to obtain the basic data for estimation of optimal mating time and ovulation time by finding out the relationship between vaginal cytology and reproductive hormone profiles during the estrous cycle in 36 Korea Jin-do bitches. A characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estorous cycle were the high proportion of superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus, superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythroucyte in estrus, parabasal cell, small and large intermediate cell and leukocytes in diestrus, and parabasal cell and small intermediate cell in anestrus, respectively. Cornification index(CI) was the high proportion in proestrus and estrus, then it was decreaed in diestrus and anestrus. It indicated that the CI was significantly high proportion in proestrus and estrus in comparison with the other phases. Plasma progesterone concentration was below 1.0ng/ml at the first day of vulval bleeding in pregnant and non-pregnat bitches, and then it was increaed slowly. When Day 0 was timed from the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml, plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 0 in pregnant and non-pregnant above 4.0 ng/ml, plasma progesterone concentrations at Day 0 in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches were $5.2{\pm}0.3ng/ml and 5.7{\pm}0.5ng/ml$$46.5{\pm}3.3 ng/ml$ in pregnant bitches and at Day 20 with $39.8{\pm}0.1ng/ml$ in nonpregnant bitches. It indicated that plasma progesterone concentration was higher in pregnant bitches than in non-pregnant bitches. Hereafter plasma progesterone concentration was decreased steadily. At Day 63 which is parturition day, plasma progesterone concentration was decreased below 1.0ng/ml with $0.8{\pm}0.2ng/ml$ in pregnant bitches whereas in the non-pregnant bitches at Day 75 were decreased below 1.0ng/ml with 40.5{\pm}0.4ng/ml$. Plasma progesterone concentrations was maintained below 1.0ng/ml during anestrus in all of them. The plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$ concentration was increased above 1.0 pg/ml at the first day of vulval bleeding and it showed a peak Day-1 with 38.2 pg/ml. Thereafter it was sharply decreased after Day 0, which was the day that plasma progesterone concentration was first increase above 4.0ng/ml, and was maintained below basal levels. In relationship between CI and reproductive hormones, plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$concentration showed a peak at Day-3 and CI showed a peak at Day-1 which was the second day after plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$ peak, and plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml at Day 0 which was the first day after CI peak. CI was first increased above 80% at Day-6 which was the third day before plasma estradio-17 $\beta$ peak and it was maintained above 80% between Days-6 and Day 3 during 10 days, and showed above 90% at Day-3 which was the day that plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$peak and was maintained above 90% between Day-3 and Day 3 during 7 days. In conclusion, ovulation in Koran Jin-do bitches occurred at the first day after CI peak, at the third day after plasma estradiol-17 $\beta$peak and the day when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. And it was estimated that the optimal mating time was the day when the CI was maintained above 90% and plasma progesterone concentration was between 3.0~8.0ng/ml. Therefore plasma progesterone concentration measurement was used for determination of an accurate ovulation time and the optimal mating time but also vaginal cytology, which is low-priced with equipment and is the simple examination method, was reliable method for estimating estrous cycle, optimal breeding time and ovulation time in Korea Jin-do bitches.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1031-1031
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• 2001

The mammary gland is made up of remarkably sensitive tissue, which has the capability of producing a large volume of secretion, milk, under normal or healthy conditions. When bacteria enter the gland and establish an infection (mastitis), inflammation is initiated accompanied by an influx of white cells from the blood stream, by altered secretory function, and changes in the volume and composition of secretion. Cell numbers in milk are closely associated with inflammation and udder health. These somatic cell counts (SCC) are accepted as the international standard measurement of milk quality in dairy and for mastitis diagnosis. NIR Spectra of unhomogenized composite milk samples from 14 cows (healthy and mastitic), 7days after parturition and during the next 30 days of lactation were measured. Different multivariate analysis techniques were used to diagnose the disease at very early stage and determine how the spectral properties of milk vary with its composition and animal health. PLS model for prediction of somatic cell count (SCC) based on NIR milk spectra was made. The best accuracy of determination for the 1100-2500nm range was found using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples was 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. It has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. From the spectral changes, we learned that when mastitis occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk. It was consistent with the results we obtained further when applied 2DCOS. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of NIR milk spectra was done to assess the changes in milk composition, which occur when somatic cell count (SCC) levels vary. The synchronous correlation map revealed that when SCC increases, protein levels increase while water and lactose levels decrease. Results from the analysis of the asynchronous plot indicated that changes in water and fat absorptions occur before other milk components. In addition, the technique was used to assess the changes in milk during a period when SCC levels do not vary appreciably. Results indicated that milk components are in equilibrium and no appreciable change in a given component was seen with respect to another. This was found in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, milk components were found to vary with SCC content regardless of the range considered. This important finding demonstrates that 2-D correlation analysis may be used to track even subtle changes in milk composition in individual cows. To find out the right threshold for SCC when used for mastitis diagnosis at cow level, classification of milk samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two levels of SCC - 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ and 300 000 cells/$m\ell$, respectively, were set up and compared as thresholds to discriminate between healthy and mastitic cows. The best detection accuracy was found with 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ as threshold for mastitis and smoothed absorbance data: - 98% of the milk samples in the calibration set and 87% of the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. When the spectral information was studied it was found that the successful mastitis diagnosis was based on reviling the spectral changes related to the corresponding changes in milk composition. NIRS combined with different ways of spectral data ruining can provide faster and nondestructive alternative to current methods for mastitis diagnosis and a new inside into disease understanding at molecular level.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2001

Relative growth and composition of larval development stages in brood pouch of the melania snail, Semisulcospira libertina libertina were investigated based on monthly field samples for a year. Total number of specimens examined was 1,200. Size values (mean$\pm$S. D.) of shell height (SH), shell diameter (SD), total weight (TW), meat weight (MW) and shell weight (SW) were $15.96\pm3.41\;mm$, $7.82\pm1.38\;mm$, $0.55\pm0.31\;g$, $0.24\pm0.15\;g$ and $0.39\pm0.23\;g$, respectively, Water temperature (WT) of the sampling site varied from $1.3^{\circ}C\;to\;22.5^{\circ}C$. Relative growth equations among SH, SD, TW, MW and SW of S. libertina libertina specimens pooled were as follows: SD=0,3583SH+2.1648 $(R^2=0.8391)$, $TW=0.0005SH^{2.4853}\;(R^2=0.8391)$,$MW:\;0.0005SH^{2.849}\;(R^2= 0.8391)$ and $SW=0.0004SH^{2.3798}\;(R^2=0.7057)$. Female S. libertina libertina had larvae in its brood pouch throughout the year, Average number of larvae in the brood pouch varied from $91\pm33(July)$ to $396\pm174\;(November)$, decreasing in spring and increasing in autumn. In the monthly composition of larval stage in the brood pouch, trochophore, pre-veliger, veliger and juvenile showed maximum as $66.7\%$ in May, $70.7\%$ in November, $60.9\%$ in February and $13.9\%$ in January, respectively. Percent composition of the juveniles decreased in spring and autumn. In conclusion, S. libertina libertina is likely to have two main parturition periods, March to May and September and October.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.881-888
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate effects of maternal genetic potential and parity with pre- and postpartum periods on body weights, body condition score (BCS) and blood metabolites in relation to physiological stress and nutritional metabolism in Hanwoo cows. Also, this study was designed to develop effective husbandry technique for Hanwoo cows concerning of pre- and postpartum periods, and to get basic data for it. Forty five cows were allocated into two groups, 24 cows with high maternal genetic potentials and 21 cows with low maternal genetic potentials. The average parity of experimental cows with high and low maternal genetic potentials were 2.83±1.63 and 3.00±1.77, respectively. The growth performances such as body weights, average daily gain (ADG) and BCS were not different between two groups regardless of maternal genetic potential. However, pre- and postpartum periods had effects on the growth performances (p<0.05). Parity had no effects on ADG and BCS (p>0.05), but effect on body weight of cows (p<0.05). The metabolites of physiological stress such as neutrophil, hematocrit and cortisol, and nutritional metabolites such as albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), triglyceride, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in blood of cows were affected by pre- and postpartum periods in a large scale, while those were partially affected by maternal genetic potential. However, among the metabolites in blood, only neutrophil and triglylceride concentrations were affected by different parity of cows. Therefore, the present study suggests that nutritional intake and digestion are affected by physiological stress due to the parturition, and it should need to consider different husbandry technique based on the maternal genetic potential, and pre- and postpartum periods of cows.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.135-140
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixing with unfamiliar piglets on changes in the body surface temperature of sows and piglets during the suckling period. A total of 123 pigs (12 sows and 111 piglets) were used for this study. A control group of piglets of the same litter was maintained in the farrowing pen and compared to a treatment group of piglets of three different litters mixed by removing the partition in the farrowing pen. In the treatment group, mixing of piglets was performed at 10:00 a.m. on day 11 after parturition, and the body surface temperature of sows and piglets was taken using a thermo-graphic camera at 30 minutes after mixing. In the case of sows, the average surface temperature of the treatment group ($37.1^{\circ}C$) was significantly higher than that of the control ($36.3^{\circ}C$; p<0.05); however, the hot spot temperatures did not differ significantly between groups. In contrast, the average surface temperature of piglets was significantly decreased by mixing (37.5 and $36.0^{\circ}C$ in the control and treatment, respectively; p<0.01). Moreover, the hot spot temperature tended to be lower in the treatment ($39.1^{\circ}C$) than the control ($39.4^{\circ}C$), although there was no significant difference (p=0.079). These results suggest that mixing of unfamiliar piglets during the suckling period leads to changes in the body surface temperature of sows and piglets. In the future, the correlation between body surface temperature and body core temperature should be analyzed, and additional studies investigating the effects of mixing on the physiological changes in sows and piglets are required.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1445-1452
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• 2002

The present experiment was carried out to study the utilization of substrates in the mammary gland of crossbred Holstein Friesian during feeding on different types of roughage. Sixteen pregnant crossbred Holstein heifers consisted of two breed types of eight animals each; Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi (50:50=50%HF) and Holstein Friesian${\times}$Red Sindhi (87.5:12.5=87.5%HF). Animals were divided into four groups of the same breed type in each group which were fed with either rice straw treated with 5% urea or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage throughout the experiments. Four consecutive experimental periods were carried out in late pregnancy (20-23 days before parturition), early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid-lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum). Measurement of mammary blood flow in combining with measurement of AV difference was performed for the mammary uptake of substrates. In the period of lactation, udder blood flow was nearly three times higher than that of late pregnant period (p<0.05) in both 50%HF and 87.5%HF feeding on either hay or urea treated rice straw. During mid- and late lactation of both groups of 87.5%HF animals, mammary blood flow and milk yield showed decrease when compared to those during the early lactating period while the trends for persistency were apparent in both groups of 50%HF animals throughout experimental periods. The mean arterial plasma concentrations of glucose, acetate, $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate and free glycerol in each group remained constant throughout experimental periods. During late pregnancy in all groups, the AV difference and extraction ratio of glucose, $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate and triacylglycerol across the mammary gland markedly lowered (p<0.05), which coincided with a lower net uptake by the mammary gland in comparison to the early lactating period. The mean arterial plasma concentration, AV difference and extraction ratio for acetate showed no significant differences between late pregnancy and the early lactating period. The AV difference of free glycerol showed apparent release from mammary tissue during late pregnancy in all groups. In mid- and late lactation, the mammary uptake for glucose, acetate and $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate in both groups of 87.5%HF animals showed apparent decrease as compared to that in the early lactating period, whereas no appearances were observed in 50%HF animals feeding either hay or urea treated rice straw. The mean arterial plasma concentrations for free fatty acid (FFA) and triacylglycerol (C16 to C18) were higher in late pregnancy than in early lactation in both types of crossbred animals. The values of AV difference and the net uptake by the mammary gland for FFA were variable during late pregnancy and lactating periods in all groups. There were no significant differences for AV difference, extraction ratio and net uptake of triacylglycerol during lactation advance in both groups of 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding either hay or urea treated rice straw. These results suggest that the adaptations to either hay or urea treated rice straw by the mammary gland of crossbred HF animals allow for an adequate nutrient supply during pregnancy and lactation. There is no difference in the mode of mammary uptake of substrates in the same crossbred animals in response to feeding hay or urea treated rice straw. The differences in utilizing nutrients by the mammary gland for milk production between 87.5%HF and 50%HF animals would be dependent on changes in both intra-mammary factors and extra-mammary factors.