• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.232-237
• /
• 1994

Changes of volatile components in modified oleoresin red pepper during cooking at high temperature were investigated. Dried red pepper was milled to 100mesh of size particle and oily compounds were extracted by reduced pressure steam distrillation. The rest part was reextracted and concentrated. The extracts were combined. The same volume of water and 4% of polyglycerol condensed ricinoleate (PGDR) were added to the combined extract, and emulsified to make oleoresin red pepper 119 volatile compounds were separated from the dried red pepper and oleoresin and 35 components were identified in both samples. The major flavor compounds were identified to be 2-methoxy-phenol, 2, 6-bis(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-phenol, 1, 4-dimethylbenzene, thylbenzene, 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 2-methoxyl-4-methylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxy-phenol, and 5- methyl-2-furancarboxyaldehyde, and their transferal from raw red pepper to oleresin was low. 93 voltilie compounds were isolated after 3 hours cooking at 100 and 82 volitile compounds were separated after that at $150^{\circ}C$. Degeneration of volatile compounds was peculiarly proportional to the temperature of cooling. Capsaicin was relatively stable during cooking and remaining ratio after cooking at 100 and $150^{\circ}C$ was 84.7% and 73.3%. respectively. Oleoresin from red pepper had a little antioxidation effect at $100^{\circ}C$ cooking, but, antioxidation effect at $150^{\circ}C$ cooking was not shown due to degradation of capsaicin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 2004

This study described about method that forms liquid crystal gel (LCG) by main ingredient with hydrogenated lechin (HL) in O/W emulsion system. Result of stability test is as following with most suitable LCG's composition. Composition of LCG is as following, to form liquid crystal, an emulsifier used 4.0wt% of cetostearyl alcohol (CA) by 4.0wt% of HL as a booster. Moisturizers contained 2wt% of glycerin and 3.0wt% of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG). Suitable emollients used 3.0wt% of cyclomethicone, 3.0wt% of isononyl isononanoate (ININ), 3.0wt% of cerpric/carprylic triglycerides (CCTG), 3.0wt% of macademia nut oil (MNO) in liquid crystal gel formation. On optimum conditions of LCG formation, the pHs were formed all well under acidity or alkalinity conditions (pH=4.0-11.0). Considering safety of skin, pH was the most suitable 6.0${\pm}$1.0 ranges. The stable hardness of LCG formation appeared best in 32 dyne/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Particle of LCG is forming size of 1-20$\mu\textrm{m}$ range, and confirmed that the most excellent LCG is formed in 1-6$\mu\textrm{m}$ range. According to result that observe shape of LCG with optical or polarization microscope, LCG could was formed, and confirmed that is forming multi -layer lamellar type structure around the LCG. Moisturizing effect measured clinical test about 20 volunteers. As a result, moisturizing effect of LCG compares to placebo cream was increased 36.6%. This could predicted that polyol group is appeared the actual state because is adsorbed much to round liquid crystal droplets to multi-lamellar layer's hydrophilic group. It could predicted that polyol group is vast quantity present phase that appear mixed because is adsorbed to round liquid crystal to multi-lamellar layer's hydrophilic group. This LCG formation theory may contribute greatly in cosmetics and pharmacy industry development.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.313-324
• /
• 2009

We explore the effect of particle shape and size on 3-dimensional (3D) network and pore structure of porous earth materials composed of glass beads and silica gel using NMR micro-imaging in order to gain better insights into relationship between structure and the corresponding hydrologic and seismological properties. The 3D micro-imaging data for the model porous networks show that the specific surface area, porosity, and permeability range from 2.5 to $9.6\;mm^2/mm^3$, from 0.21 to 0.38, and from 11.6 to 892.3 D (Darcy), respectively, which are typical values for unconsolidated sands. The relationships among specific surface area, porosity, and permeability of the porous media are relatively well explained with the Kozeny equation. Cube counting fractal dimension analysis shows that fractal dimension increases from ~2.5－2.6 to 3.0 with increasing specific surface area from 2.5 to $9.6\;mm^2/mm^3$, with the data also suggesting the effect of porosity. Specific surface area, porosity, permeability, and cube counting fractal dimension for the natural mongolian sandstone are $0.33\;mm^2/mm^3$, 0.017, 30.9 mD, and 1.59, respectively. The current results highlight that NMR micro-imaging, together with detailed statistical analyses can be useful to characterize 3D pore structures of various porous earth materials and be potentially effective in accounting for transport properties and seismic wave velocity and attenuation of diverse porous media in earth crust and interiors.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 1995

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the formation of CaCO, polymorphs(i.e.,calcite, aragonite, vaterite) and on the crystal shape of CaCO,.The reaction systems were rnvestigated at the temperature range of 2.0%-85.3r, at the fixed cmditions ofconcentration and pressure, 2X10-' M, atomospheric pressure, respectively.The reaction systems studied include a Ca(HCO.,),-Air bubble, O Ca(OH)s-CO,, @ Ca(OH),-H,CO, ,Ca(OH1,-Na>CO,, O Ca(OH),-K,CO,, @ Ca(OH),-(NH,),CO,, D CaC1,-Na,CO,, CaC1,-K3C03, 8 CaC1,-(NH,,),CO,, 0 Ca(N0,X-Na,CO,, 03 Ca(N0,X-QCO,. 0 Ca(NO,),-(NH,XCO,. The results obtained are summarizedas follows:Calcite is formed at the temperature range of 2t-80"C and the highest calcite yield was obtained at 30%.Aragonite begins to be formed at the temperature range of 41.0%-53.0%. and the higher temperature is thehigher yield is obtained. pH of the reaction system affect the yield of aragonite, and the yield reaches the highestpercentage at the pH range of 10.0-11.0, and at the conditions of pH 12.3 or over, aragonite is scarcely formed.Vaterlle is fnrmed at the temperature range of 40.0% or less, and transites utterly to calcite within 10-60mmutes in the case of bemg residenced in mother liqmd which C1 is not contained, and within 140hours inthe case of containing CI-.s in the case of containing CI-.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.11
• /
• pp.905-914
• /
• 2023

To evaluate the effectiveness of the skin barrier improvement of lactic acid (LA) and gluconolactone (GL), the expression of filaggrin, loricrin, hyaluronic acid (HA), hyaluronan syhthase-2 (HAS2), and aquaporine-3 (AQP3) in keratinocytes, and the moisture content and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by clinical trials were evaluated. The expression levels of filaggrin and locricrin, which are the main factors affecting the proper functioning of skin barrier function, and HA, HAS2, and AQP3, which are skin moisturizing-related proteins measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The results showed that the expression levels of the factors that decreased by H2O2 treatment were significantly increased by LA, GL, and a mixture of LA and GL at the mRNA and protein levels (p<0.05). The nanoemulsion containing a mixture of LA and GL was prepared using the emulsion inversion method, and the average particle size was 299.9 ± 0.287 nm. After measuring the TEWL of nanoemulsion using Vapometer, it was found that TEWL significantly decreased by 15.53% and 26.73% after two weeks and four weeks of product use, respectively, compared to TEWL before product use (p<0.001). Similarly, the skin moisture content of the nanoemulsion significantly increased by 15.40% and 26.59% after two weeks and four weeks of product use, respectively, compared to skin moisture content before product use (p<0.001). Therefore, the skin barrier function and moisturizing effect of a mixture of LA and GL are shown by increasing the moisture content and decreasing the TEWL by increasing the expression of filaggrin, loricrin, HA, HAS2, and AQP3. This suggests the possibility for the development of functional cosmetic ingredients in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.36 no.11
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2020

Swelling properties and shear strength behavior of MgO-Sand mixtures with hydration procese of MgO are compared according to different MgO contents (W_MgO/W_Total=0, 30, 50, 70, 100%) in this study. The specimens are prepared by mixing with crushed MgO refractory bricks and silica sand. After hydration, the particle size and the specific gravity of MgO were decreases. Through microstructure observation and X-ray diffraction analysis, it is confirmed that MgO changes from the cubic structure of Periclase to the hexagonal cubic structure of Brucite after hydration. As the MgO content increases, both swelling rate and swelling pressure of the mixtures increase. W_MgO/W_Total=30% specimen shows relatively low swelling pressure and swelling rate because produced Mg(OH)₂ mainly fills the pores between sand particles. However, in the case of MgO more than 50%, swelling pressure and swelling rate increase significantly because Mg(OH)₂ fills the pores of sand particles at first and then either pushes out sand particles or Mg(OH)₂ particles after filling the pores. As a result of the direct shear test, before hydration, the mixtures show a dilative behavior on high MgO contents and a contractive behavior on low MgO contents. However, after hydration, the behavior of all mixtures changes to contractive behavior. The threshold fraction of fine (i.e., Mg(OH)₂) contents of the hydrated MgO-Sand mixtures reveals approximately 60% compared with normalized shear strength.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 2015

Recently, carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques have been globally studied. This study was conducted to use waste cement powder as an efficient raw material of mineral carbonation for $CO_2$ sequestration. Direct aqueous carbonation experiment was conducted with injecting pure $CO_2$ gas (99.9%) to a reactor containing $200m{\ell}$ reacting solution and the pulverized cement paste (W:C = 6:4) having particle size less than 0.15 mm. The effects of two additives (NaCl, $MgCl_2$) in carbonation were analyzed. The characteristics of carbonate minerals and carbonation process according to the type of additives and pH change were carefully evaluated. pH of reacting solution was gradually decreased with injecting $CO_2$ gas. $Ca^{2+}$ ion concentration in $MgCl_2$ containing solution was continuously decreased. In none $MgCl_2$ solution, however, $Ca^{2+}$ ion concentration was increased again as pH decreased. This is probably due to the dissolution of newly formed carbonate mineral in low pH solution. XRD analysis indicates that calcite is dominant carbonate mineral in none $MgCl_2$ solution whereas aragonite is dominant in $MgCl_2$ containing solution. Unstable vaterite formed in early stage of experiment was transformed to well crystallized calcite with decreasing pH in the absence of $MgCl_2$ additives. In the presence of $MgCl_2$ additives, the content of aragonite was increased with decreasing pH whereas the content of calite was decreased.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.633-638
• /
• 2011

Mn substituted La, Sr or Ba-hexaaluminate were prepared by $(NH_4)_2CO_3$ co-precipitate method and calcined at $1,200^{\circ}C$ for 5 h. Catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and $N_2$ physisorption and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Compared to $SrMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ and $BaMnAl_{11}O_{19}$, $LaMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ in which La located at mirror plane showed better crystallinity and high surface area, 13 $m^2/g$. $LaMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ revealed well developed plate-like structure which is characteristic structure of hexaaluminate. The catalytic activity of methane combustion increased in the following order: $LaMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ > $SrMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ > $BaMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ and was dependent on surface area of catalysts. 60 wt% $CeO_2/LaMnAl_{11}O_{19}$ calcined at $700^{\circ}C$ showed enhanced methane activity and methane was oxidized completely at low temperature ($700^{\circ}C$). It was confirmed that addition of ceria seems to be effective for the low and middle temperature combustion of methane. But, after calcination at high temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$, it lost the promoting effect of ceria due to increase of ceria particle size and it had a limit to applying to the high temperature catalytic combustion.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2013

Using $Na_2CO_3$ and $MeSO_4$ (Me = Ni, Co and Mn) as starting materials, the precursor of $[Ni_{0.6}Co_{0.2}Mn_{0.2}]CO_3$ has been synthesized by carbonate co-precipitation. The precursor was mixed with $Li_2CO_3$, and calcined at 750, 850, and$950^{\circ}C$ in air. Effect of calcinations temperature on characteristics of $Li[Ni_{0.6}Co_{0.2}Mn_{0.2}]O_2$ cathode materials was investigated. The structure and characteristics of $Li[Ni_{0.6}Co_{0.2}Mn_{0.2}]O_2$ were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurements. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the intensity ratio of $I_{(003)}/I_{(104)}$ increased and the R-factor ratio decreased with the increase of calcinations temperature. And Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result show that the primary particle size increased. Especially, the $Li[Ni_{0.6}Co_{0.2}Mn_{0.2}]O_2$ calcined at $950^{\circ}C$ for 24 H shows excellent electrochemical performances with reversible specific capacity of $165.3mAhg^{-1}$ [cut-off voltage 2.5~4.3 V, 0.1 C($17mAhg^{-1}$)] and good capacity retention of 95.4% after 50th charge/discharge cycles[cut-off voltage 2.5~4.3 V, 1 C($170mAhg^{-1}$)].

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.350-355
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to use oyster shells, which have caused environmental problems in the coastal of Korea, as an agricultural material after processing. Physico-chemical components and neutralizing amount on the Ihyun silt loam of crushed oyster shell and slaked lime were examined. In field experiment, the properties of the soil, growth and yield of lettuce, cabbage, spinach, onion, red pepper and soybean were examined by the treatments of the shell(3.68ton/ha) or the lime (2.76ton/ha) with a randomized block design. Particle size of crushed oyster shell consisted of 73.4% of 1~60mesh and 26.6% larger then 61 mesh and contents of CaO, OM, and $P_2O_5$, etc. were 55.5%, 1.3%, and 0.29%, respectively. The requirement of the shell to neutralize the soil was 130~135% of the lime, but after 24months, it was the same. The application of the shell increased the contents of available $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ exchangeable Ca in used soil. The shell tratment increased the leaf height, leaf width, etc. of the examined plants, and the yields 6~154% according to examined plants, as compared with the nonliminged, indicating that the shell possesses a great potential as an agricultural material with the same effectiveness as the lime.