• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2015

The high time-resolution monitoring data are essential to estimate rapid changes in chemical compositions, concentrations, formation mechanisms, and likely sources of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). In this study, $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$, and the number concentration of size-resolved PMs were monitored in Fukuoka, Japan by good time-resolved methods during the springtime. The highest monthly average $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate was found in May ($8.85{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), followed by April ($8.36{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), March ($8.13{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), and June ($7.22{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$). The cases exceed the Japanese central government's safety standard for $PM_{2.5}$ ($35{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) reached 10.11% during four months campaign. The fraction of $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate to $PM_{2.5}$ varied from 12.05% to 68.11% with average value of 35.49% throughout the entire period of monitoring. This high proportion of sulfate in $PM_{2.5}$ is an obvious characteristic of the ambient $PM_{2.5}$ in Fukuoka during the springtime. However, the average fraction of $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate to $PM_{2.5}$ in three rain events occurred during our intensive campaign fell right down to 15.53%. Unusually high $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate (> $30{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$) marked on three days were probably affected by the air parcels coming from the Chinese continent, the natural sulfur in the remote marine atmosphere, and a large number of ships sailing on the nearby sea. The theoretical number concentration of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in $PM_{0.5-0.3}$ was originally calculated and then compared to $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate. A close resemblance between the diurnal variations of the theoretically calculated number concentration of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in $PM_{0.5-0.3}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ sulfate concentration indicates that the secondary formed $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ was the primary form of sulfate in $PM_{2.5}$ during our monitoring period.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.419-436
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• 2002

The current paper reports on the enhancement of O$_3$, CO, NO$_2$, and aerosols during the Asian dust event that occurred over Korea on 1 May 1999. To confirm the origin and net flux of the O$_3$, CO, NO$_2$, and aerosols, the meteorological parameters of the weather conditions were investigated using Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5(MM5) and the TOMS total ozone and aerosol index, the back trajectory was identified using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model(HYSPLIT), and the ozone and ozone precursor concentrations were determined using the Urban Ashed Model(UAM). In the presence of sufficiently large concentrations of NO$\sub$x/, the oxidation of CO led to O$_3$ formation with OH, HO$_2$, NO, and NO$_2$ acting as catalysts. The sudden enhancement of O$_3$, CO, NO$_2$ and aerosols was also found to be associated with a deepening cut-off low connected with a surface cyclone and surface anticyclone located to the south of Korea during the Asian dust event. The wave pattern of the upper trough/cut-off low and total ozone level remained stationary when they came into contact with a surface cyclone during the Asian dust event. A typical example of a stratosphere-troposphere exchange(STE) of ozone was demonstrated by tropopause folding due to the jet stream. As such, the secondary maxima of ozone above 80 ppbv that occurred at night in Busan, Korea on 1 May 2001 were considered to result from vertical mixing and advection from a free troposphere-boundary layer exchange in connection with an STE in the upper troposphere. Whereas the sudden enhancement of ozone above 100 ppbv during the day was explained by the catalytic reaction of ozone precursors and transport of ozone from a slow-moving anticyclone area that included a high level of ozone and its precursors coming from China to the south of Korea. The aerosols identified in the free troposphere over Busan, Korea on 1 May 1999 originated from the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts across the Yellow River. In particular, the 1000m profile indicated that the source of the air parcels was from an anticyclone located to the south of Korea. The net flux due to the first invasion of ozone between 0000 LST and 0600 LST on 1 May 1999 agreed with the observed ground-based background concentration of ozone. From 0600 LST to 1200 LST, the net flux of the second invasion of ozone was twice as much as the day before. In this case, a change in the horizontal wind direction may have been responsible for the ozone increase.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.234-245
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 2006년부터 2008년까지 3년간 봄철에 $PM_{10}$과 $PM_{2.5}$를 채취하여 질량농도와 금속원소의 화학적 특성, 기상인자와의 관계 분석, 황사 및 비황사시의 미세먼지 특성 그리고 이동경로에 따른 농도의 특성을 고찰하였다. 연구기간동안의 $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$평균농도는 각각 $126.2{\pm}89.8$, $85.5{\pm}41.6$, $40.7{\pm}54.9{\mu}g/m^3$이었으며 $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ 및 $PM_{10-2.5}/PM_{2.5}$ 비는 각각 0.70, 0.48이었다. 우리나라의 북서쪽인 북경을 포함한 지역과 서쪽인 상해를 포함한 지역에서 공기덩어리가 이류 할 때 가장 높은 미세먼지농도를 나타내었다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.27-41
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• 1997

토지이용계획은 도시계획에 있어서 가장 핵심이 되는 부문이며, 다른 부문별 계획의 시발점이 되는 동시에 최종적으로 다른 부문별 계획과의 조화를 추구한다. 바람직한 토지이용계획은 현실세계에서 관찰되는 토지이용의 행태와 메카니즘을 올바르게 인식하는 일이 선행되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 GIS를 이용하여 토지이용입지와 변화에 영향을 미친다고 판단되는 여러 가지 요인들과 시계열적 토지이용현황 자료들을 토지이용정보체계로 구축하는 과정과 방법을 제?고 토지이용정보체계를 활용하여 토지이용 입지특성 및 변화과정에 대한 공간적 분석 및 해석방법을 제시하고자 하였다. GIS를 이용한 토지이용정보체계의 구축을 통하여 토지이용의 입지특성 및 변화에 대하여 분석하였을때, 도면정보의 손쉬운 정량화가 가능하며, 도면정보와 속성정보를 결합하여 동시에 분석할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 정성적인 분석의 결과에 대하여 정량적인 분석도 가능하여 분석의 결과에 대한 설명력을 보다 객관화하고 계량화 할 수 있다는 장점이 있었다. 그리고 GIS와 기존의 각종 통계소프트웨어와 연계하여 분석할 수 있어 분석의 유의도, 잔차 등을 통합된 수치만이 아니라 모형에 적용하여 나타난 결과를 즉시적으로 공간화하여 시현해보고 현실과 비교해 봄으로써 결과의 지역적 편차를 시각적으로 분석할 수 있어 모형의 수정 및 개선이 용이하고 지역적 편차의 원인분석에 유용하게 활용할 수 있었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.377-401
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• 1999

This study is focused on the privity of the contract of carriage of goods by sea, so to speak, privity between B/L holder and carrier by transfer of bill of lading, privity by attornment to delivery order and conflict between bills of lading and charterparty terms. Under a CIF contract, possession of the bill of lading is equivalent to possession of the goods, and delivery of the bill of lading to the buyer or to a third party may be effective to pass the property in the goods to such person. The bill of lading is a document of title enabling the holder to obtain credit from banks before the arrival of the goods, for the transfer of the bill of lading can operate as a pledge of the goods themselves. In addition, it is by virtue of the bill of lading that the buyer or his assignee can obtain redress against the carrier for any breach of its terms and of the contract of carriage that it evidences. In other words the bill of lading creates a privity between its holder and the carrier as if the contract was made between them. The use of delivery orders in overseas sales is commen where bulk cargoes are split into more parcels than there are bills of lading, and this practice gives rise to considerable difficulties. For example, where the holder of a bill of lading transferred one of the delivery orders to the buyer who presented it to the carrier and paid the freight of the goods to which the order related, it was held that there was a contract between the buyer and the carrier under which the carrier could be made liable in repect of damage to the goods. The contract was on the same terms as that evidenced by, or contained in, the bill of lading, which was expressly incorporated by reference in the delivery order. If the transferee of the delivery order presents it and claims the goods, he may also be taken to have offered to enter into an implied contract incorporating some of the terms of the contract of carriage ; and he will, on the carrier's acceptance of that offer, not only acquire rights, but also incur liabilities under that contract. Where the terms of the charterparties conflict with those of the bills of lading, it is interpreted as below. First, goods may be shipped in a ship chartered by the shipper directly from the shipowner. In that case any bill of lading issued by the shipowner operates, as between shipowner and charterer, as a mere receipt. But if the bill of lading has been indorsed to a third party, between that third party and carrier, the bill of lading will normally be the contract of carriage. Secondly, goods may be shipped by a seller on a ship chartered by the buyer for taking delivery of the goods under the contract of sale. If the seller takes a bill of lading in his own name and to his own order, the terms of that bill of lading would govern the contractual relations between seller and carrier. Thirdly, a ship may be chartered by her owner to a charterer and then subchartered by the chaterer to a shipper, to whom a bill of lading may later be issued by the shipowner. In such a case, the bill of lading is regarded as evidencing a contract of carriage between the shipowner and cargo-owners.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.67-79
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• 2013

최근 대두되는 대중교통지향형 도시개발을 위해서는 대중교통 결절점 주변의 공간구조에 대하여 국지적 차원의 해석이 선행되어야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 개별 필지 단위에 지리가중회귀모델을 적용하여 역세권 주변의 공간구조를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 역세권마다 다른 특징을 가지고 있으며, 같은 역세권 안에서도 공간적 이질성이 존재하고 있었다. 또한, AIC값을 이용하여 모델을 비교한 결과 지리가중회귀모델이 일반회귀모델보다 적합한 모델로 판정되었으며 모델의 설명력도 향상되었다. 지리가중회귀모델을 통하여 분석된 결과는 GIS 환경에서 지도화함으로써 국지적 차원의 공간구조 해석이 가능하였다. 역세권마다 모델분석을 통하여 도출된 개별적 공간구조 특성을 고려하여 대중교통 중심개발이 이루어진다면 정책 운용시 보다 효율적일 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2003

국가 토지행정의 기반을 이루는 지적제도는 정보화 시대에 알맞은 데이터의 정확성과 신속한 이동정리를 통한현지와의 일치를 근간으로 하고 있다. 그러나 그 동안 많은 노력에도 불구하고 지적의 정보화를 추진하는 과정에서 지적공부와 현지 상황이 정확히 일치해야 하는 데이터의 정확성 측면에서 다양한 문제점이 발견됨으로써 이를 신속히 개선할 필요성이 대두되어 왔다. 따라서 기존 자료의 오류 등을 신속히 수정하여 전산화하는 방안의 일환으로 지적불부합 정리사업이 우선 추진되어야 할 것이다. 본 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 지적불부합지는 지적공부와 실제상황의 토지경계가 지적공부와 정확히 일치하지 않아 지적불부합지 정리 기준을 초과하는 대상토지이다. 실제로 축척 l/l,200에서는 50cm, 1/6,000지역에서는 240cm를 초과하는 경우 등록사항정정 대상 토지로 볼 수 있다. 또한 다양한 원인과 장기간에 걸쳐 발생한 여러 유형의 불부합지를 조사해 본 결과 필지별 면적오류 대상 필지는 많지 않아 약 80% 이상이 지적측량 면적측정의 허용범위 이내로 밝혀져 면적 증감에 따른 보상 등 큰 어려움은 없을 것으로 판단되며 위치 오류정정이 주요 대상이 된다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권spc4_2호
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• pp.393-400
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• 2014

"지적재조사 기본계획"에는 2012년에 수행된 정부의 예비타당성조사 결과가 반영되어 2030년까지 약 1조 3,000억 원의 국가재정을 지적재조사사업에 투입할 것을 계획하고 있다. 지적재조사사업의 사업비 중 78.8%를 차지하고 있는 지적재조사측량을 효율적으로 사업추진하는 것이 전체 지적재조사사업의 효율화에 매우 중요하다. 현재 "지적재조사 기본계획" 상 지적확정측량으로 계획된 13%의 물량은 "측량 수로조사 및 지적에 관한 법률" 제86조에 규정된 면형 SOC(Social Overhead Capital) 사업이며, 여기에 포함되지 않은 선형 SOC 사업도 지적재조사사업과 연계를 통하여 효율성 향상을 기대할 수 있다. 선형 SOC 사업에서 용지경계측량이 이루어지면 설치된 경계말뚝을 이용하여 지역측지계에 의한 분할측량이 이루어지고, 사업이 완료된 후에 용지경계와 내부에 대한 지적재조사측량이 이루어진다. 본 연구에서 제시된 연계방안에 의하면 분할측량과 동시에 용지경계측량 성과를 이용하여 세계측지계에 의한 지적재조사측량 성과를 산출함으로써 중복작업을 배제할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 선형 SOC 사업과 지적재조사사업의 연계 방안을 제시하였으며, 이를 통해 년간 73,877필지, 4,078백만원의 효과가 발생할 것으로 예상되었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.439-458
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• 2005

An automated analysis system for water soluble constituents in $PM_{2.5}$ has been developed. The system consists of a high capacity multi tube diffusion scrubber (MTDS), a low temperature particle impactor (LTPI), and two ion (anion and cation) chromatography (IC) systems. Atmospheric particles have been collected by passing sample air through a thermostated MTDS followed by a LTPI. This system allows simultaneous measurements of soluble ions in $PM_{2.5}$ at 30 minutes interval. At the air sampling flow rate of 1.0L/min, the detection limits of the overall system are in the order of tens of $ng/m^3$. This system has been successfully used for the measurement of particulate components of Seoul air from April 2003 to January 2004. $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-,\;NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-,\;Cl^-,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ are the major ionic species for $PM_{2.5}$ at Seoul. Among them, $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-\;and\;NH_4^+$ are the most abundant ions, contributed up to $86\%$ of the total and the concentrations were higher than those in any other urban sites in the world except for Chinese cities. There are high pollutant episodes which contribute about $15\~20\%$ of annual average values of the major ions. During the episode, the all parcels were transported from the asian continent and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly neutralized. This suggests that aged and long range transported pollutants caused the high pollutant episodes. They showed a distinct daily and seasonal variations:they showed a peak in the early morning caused by the night-time accumulation of particulate matters. Atmospheric reactions including gas-to-particle reactions and inter-particle reactions and meteorological parameters including relative humidity and ambient temperature were described with related to the $PM_{2.5}$ 5 concentrations. All of the ionic species showed higher concentrations during the spring than those for summer and winter.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels of door-to-door deliverers to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Another objective was to confirm the general working patterns of door-to-door deliverers via survey. Methods: In the city of Daegu, ten door-to-door deliverers who wished to join the study were recruited. The general working characteristics of door-to-door deliverers were surveyed using self-reported questionnaires. In the cabin of each car driven by a deliverer, a real-time PM2.5 sampler (Sidepak, Model AM510, TSI Inc., MN, USA) and a GPS device (GPS 741, Ascen, Korea) were installed. Each deliverer was monitored for four days per week so that each day could be monitored at least four times. Results: A total of 40 measurements of PM2.5 concentrations were taken during delivery of parcels. The average exposure levels of door-to-door deliverers to PM2.5 was $44.62{\mu}g/m^3$ ($7-9443{\mu}g/m^3$. Exposure levels to PM2.5 according to the day of the week and coverage areas were not significantly different (p>0.05). Door-to-door deliverers using trucks with older diesel engines manufactured before 2006 had significantly higher exposure levels to PM2.5 than in the case of trucks with diesel engines manufactured after 2006 (p<0.05). Many of the door-to-door deliverers reported the status of having windows open during the delivery task. During delivery services, the working hours spent in residential areas were higher than on roadsides, but exposure levels to PM2.5 in residential areas and on roadsides were $46.17{\mu}g/m^3$ and $49.90{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Real-time PM2.5 exposure levels were significantly different between roadways and residential areas (p<0.001). Conclusions: PM2.5 exposure levels of door-to-door deliverers were found to be affected by higher vehicle emissions from the roadsides near their vehicle during deliveries and while driving to other locations compared to by PM2.5 from the diesel engines of their own trucks. Particle concentrations from roadsides and emissions from nearby vehicles through open windows were the main source of PM2.5.