• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2007

This paper reviews the use of parasites as 'biological tags' for studying stock analysis of salmonid fishes. Numerous definitions of stock concepts exist, but most of them essentially define a group of fish as having similar biological characteristics and being self-reproducing as stocks. It is important to manage fish stocks for human consumption and sustainable production and especially for salmonid fishes. Because these fry are considered as each country's property, it is necessary to identify and discriminate each fish stock in the open sea. Methods of separating fish stocks are very diverse. Artificial tags, parasites, otoliths scales and genetic characters have been used for stock analysis and each method has advantages and disadvantages. Of these parasites can be good biological tags because they are applied by nature at no cost. Parasites can be infected with susceptible host fishes when they enter into certain areas. Then if they move to the outside and are caught researchers can infer that the fish had been in the endemic area for a period of time during their life. Hence the host fish can be considered as naturally 'tagged' by parasites. However, if they do not pass the parasites-endemic. area, they will harbour no parasites. Therefore, researchers can discriminate each fish stocks and trace their migration routes with these biological tags. In this paper, several examples on the use of parasites as biological tags for studying salmonids, as well as other species, are listed. The advantages and limitations of parasites as biological tags are also discussed. Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), the main salmonid species migrating to Korea, is distributed all around the North Pacific. Korean chum salmon are generally thought to move to the Sea of Okhotsk, the western North Pacific and the Bering Sea. However, there is no clear information on the distribution and migration pathways of Korean chum salmon, and no markers exist for separating them from others yet. Recent Korean chum salmon stock analysis including parasites information are mentioned.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2023

The discovery of new antimalarial drugs can be developed using asynchronized Plasmodium berghei malaria parasites in vivo in mice. Studies on a particular stage are also required to assess the effectiveness and mode of action of drugs. In this report, we used endoperoxide 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadec-4-yl) hexan-1-ol (N-251) as a model antimalarial compound on P. chabaudi parasites. We examined the antimalarial effect of N-251 against ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites and asynchronized P. berghei parasites using the 4-day suppressive test. The ED₅₀ values were 27, 22, and 22 mg/kg, respectively, and the antimalarial activity of N-251 was verified in both rodent malaria parasites. To assess the stage-specific effect of N-251 in vivo, we evaluated the change of parasitemia and distribution of parasite stages using ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites with one-day drug administration for one life cycle. We discovered that the parasitemias decreased after 13 and 9 hours post-treatment in the ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich groups, respectively. Additionally, in the ring-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the ring-stage parasites hindered trophozoite parasite development. For the trophozoite-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the distribution of the trophozoite stage was maintained without a change in parasitemia until 9 hours. Because of these findings, it can be concluded that N-251 suppressed the trophozoite stage but not the ring stage. We report for the first time that N-251 specifically suppresses the trophozoite stage using P. chabaudi in mice. The results show that P. chabaudi is a reliable model for the characterization of stage-specific antimalarial effects.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.240-255
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• 1992

Five species of poecilostomatoid copedods are reported as parasites of 8 species of gastropod molluscs in Korea: Anthessius longipedis, n. sp., Panaietis yamagutii lzawa. Poraponoietis tegulae Hoshina & Su의iura, Philoblenna bupulda, n. sp., and Mytilicola orientalis Mori.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.601-604
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• 1992

A total of 480 live buffaloes and 180 visceral samples from Dhaka, Mymensingh, Bogura and Rajshahi were examined for the presence of parasites of water buffaloes in Bangladesh during September, 1988 to August, 1989. The recorded parasites were eight trematodes, two cestodes, fourteen nematodes, two protozoa and two arthropods. The trematodes were Fasciola gigantica (18.9%-46.4%). Paramphistomes (Gigantocotyl explanatum, Ceylonocotyl scoliocoelium, Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Gastrothylax crumenifer (29.5%-48.3%). Schistosoma indicum (1.6%-31.6%), S. spindale (13.9%-27.7%) and S. nasalis (4.6%-8.3%). The cestodes were Hydatid cyst (24.4%), Cysticercus tenuicollis (11.1%). The nematodes were Strongyloides papillosus (14.8%-21.6%), Capillaria spp. (C. bilobata, C. bovis) (8.5%-20.0%), Setaria digitata (7.2%), Onchocerca armillata (27.2%), Thelazia rhodesii (2.3%), Gongylonema pulchrum (3.9%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (6.6%-41.6%), Hookworms (Agriostomum vryburgi, Bunostomum phlebotomum) (8.1%-17.2%), Trichostrongylus axei (11.2%-21.6%), Mecistocirrus digitatus & Haemonchus contortus (15.2%-25.5%) and Toxocara vitulorum (1.1%-9.8%). The protozoa were Eimeria zuerni (2.3%) and Trypanosoma theileri (0.4%). The arthropods were Haemaphysalis bispinosa (8.1%) and Haematopinus tuberculatus (34.6%).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 1977

The smears and tissue sections of organs (liver, lung, kidney, heart, lymph-node, brain) were carried out to compare the detection of parasites in the splenectomized calves artificially infected with B. bigemina and B. argentina, respectively. The results obtained from this experiment were abstracted as follows: 1. In the calves infected with B. argentina the parasites were easily detected by the blood smears and tissue smears but, particularly, the detection of parasites in the kidneys and brain by tissue smears and tissue sections was greater useful. In this experiment, the packing of the parasite-infected red blood cells was found in the capillary vessels of the organs. 2. When the fresh infected-brain was kept at $5^{\circ}C$ refrigerator, Babesia argentina could be detected during 9 days from the brain smears. According to this results, we could do differentiate the parasites from the brain of the dead animal by the doubtful babesiosis in the field. 3. If we use the brain smears and brain sections in order to survey or detect Babesia infections of cattle in Korea, these methods could be worthwhile for the differential diagnosis of B. argentina and B. bigemina.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2012

From 2006 to 2010, hospitals in Hanoi treated 10 human patients for dirofilariasis. The worms were collected from parasitic places, and identification of the species was completed by morphology and molecular methods. Ten parasites were recovered either from the conjunctiva (n=9) or subcutaneous tissue (n=1). The parasites were 4.0-12.5 cm in length and 0.5-0.6 mm in width. Morphological observations suggested all parasites as Dirofilaria repens. Three of the 10 parasites (1 from subcutaneous tissue and 2 from eyes) were used for molecular confirmation of the species identification. A portion of the mitochondrial cox1 (461 bp) was amplified and sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid homologies were 95% and 99-100%, respectively, when compared with D. repens (Italian origin, GenBank AJ271614; DQ358814). This is the first report of eye dirofilariasis and the second report of subcutaneous tissue dirofilariasis due to D. repens in Vietnam.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2005

Two species of myxosporean parasites - Parvicapsula anisocaudata and an unidentified myxosporean were found in the lumina of renal tubules and the tubular epithelium, respectively, from cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in Korea. The latter was also seen in interstitial tissue of spleen and interrenal gland of the head kidney. Group of pseudoplasmodia of P. anisocaudata were firmly attached on the epithelium of renal tubules through pseudopodia. In the renal tubule epithelium, a group of unidentified myxosporean trophozoites, which were 2-3 times larger than intraluminal trophozoites of P. anisocaudata, was observed. The parasites being burst out into the lumen was occasionally encountered with partial break of the epithelium. Although infection of P. anisocaudata and unidentified myxosporean parasites did not induce any cellular reaction of the host, occlusion of renal tubules and rupture of renal epithelium would impact negatively on the renal functions of severely infected fish.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.349-358
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• 1997

From December 1995 to July 1997, a total of 546 Korean indigenous goats were examined for the presence of internal parasites by parenchymal organs and fecal examinations. Four hundreds seventy eight(87.5%) of the goats were infected with 4 classes and 12 parasitic species. The nematodes were Haemonchus contortus(57.5%), Oesophagostomun venulosum (52.6%), Strongyloides papillosus(48.4%), Ostertagia sp(28.4%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis(17.0%), and Trichuris ovis(13.2%). The trematodes were Paramphistomum sp(17.6%), Fasciola hepatica(15.4%), and Eurytrema Pancreaticum (8.8%). The cestode was Moniezia expansa(16.7%), and the protozoa were Eimeria sp(74.9%) and Toxoplasma gondii(8.6%). The incidence of single or mixed infections among 12 parasitic species were one species infection (6.2%), 2 species(11.5%), 3 species(19.6%), 4 species(24.9%), 5 species(17.8%), 6 species(5.9 %), and 7 species(1.6), respectively. The level of infection according to the age was considerably higher under one year(97.2%) than between one and two years(89.7%), and over two years(69.3%) Among 12 parasites, seasonal pattern was remarkably observed. Most paracites were detected at the highest level in the Winter, whereas Strongyloides papillosus and Paramphistomum sp were in the Spring, and Ostertagia sp and Fasciola hepatica were in the Autumn. Infection rates of Anaplasma sp were 8.6% of 210 goats by blood smear method, and 51.0% by complement fixation test.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1999

Research results on actual management situation of 16 goat farms and internal parasite infection of 155 goats from January to November in 1997 in southern Kyoungnam area were as follows ; 1. An average number of goats was 93. Among them, 81% were farming the goat as avocation with the income rate less then 50%, Eight-four percent of farms terminated the parasites more than twice a year, and the survey showed the black goats had a high digestive and respiratory disease infection rate. 2. The internal parasite infection rate of the black goat was 96.8% , the goats were infected with 13 types of parasites. Of them, Emeria sp was 87.1%, Ostertagia sp 55.5%, Paraphistanum sp 45.8%, and Moniezia expansa 20%, respectively. 3. On the survey of multiple infection rate, both double and triple infection were 19.4%, more than septuple-infection 15,5%, single infection 13.4%, quintuple infection 12.3 n, sextuple infection 9.0% and quadruple infection 7.7%, respectively. 4. Look over on seasonal infection rate, higher in fall and lower in winter. Especially, Paramishitom sp was higher in summer and winter, both Moniezia expansan and Bonaostom sp were higher in summer. 5. Research on the infection rate of parasites termination period revealed less-than-1-month period had 10-30 infection rate, the infection rate has increased sharply since 3 months passed after the goats were treated with parasite-cid.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2005

In order to monitor the parasites, 204 fecal samples were taken from Korean indigenous goats of Iksan-branch. Then identification of the parasites was determined by the fecal examination using the floatation and microscopical examination, respectively. The detection of rates was $91.2\%$, and mixed infection rates were single $38.7\%,\;double\;28.4\%,\;triple\;15.2\%,\;Quadraple\;6.9\%\;and\;Qunituple\;20.0\%$. The isolated were identified as Eimeria spp from 169 heads, Strongyloides papillosus from 56 heads, Ostertagia spp from 24 heads, Trichostrongylus spp from 22 heads, Moniezia expensa from 18 heads, Oesophagostomum spp from 17 heads, Bonostomum spp from 12 heads, Cooperia spp from 12 heads, Heamonchus spp from 8 heads and Capillaria spp from 2 heads.