• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

This study examines the relationship between population growth and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of Africa perspective. Population growth and carbon dioxide emissions helped identify the key driving forces of environmental impacts by including other predictors in all the different income levels of all sampled countries in Africa. To explore the role of population growth in the emissions of carbon dioxide, this research employed a panel data set of 52 Africa countries from 1960 to 2012 using fixed effects, random effects and GLS/FGLS estimators to estimate the modified STIRPAT model. The results found that a 1% increase in population growth suggests an increase in carbon dioxide emission loads by about 0.33%, 1.08%, 0.57% and 2.32% on the average, controlling for all other anthropogenic driving forces, for LICA, LMICA, UICA and HICA respectively. There is a significant relationship between population growth and carbon dioxide emissions in all the national income levels in Africa.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3417-3426
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• 2012

This study aims to determine how ownership structure (share-holding ratio of insiders, foreigners) affects agent costs (the portion of asset efficiency or non-operating expenses) through empirical analysis. However, as existing studies on correlations between ownership structure and agent costs adopted Pooled OLS Model, this study focused on additionally formulating Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model aimed to reflect the time of data formation and corporate effects as study models based on verification results on the suitability of Pooled-OLS Model before comparative analysis for the purpose of improvement of credibility and statistical validity of the results of empirical analysis based on the premise that the Pooled OLS Model is not reliable enough to verify massive panel data. The data has been accumulated over 10 years from 1998 to 2007 after the IMF crisis hit the nation, from a subject 331 companies except for financial institutions. As a result of the empirical analysis, verification of the suitability of model has determined that the Random Effect Model is appropriate in terms of asset efficiency among agent costs items. On the other hand, the Fixed Effect Model is appropriate in terms of non-operating costs. As a result of the empirical analysis according to the appropriate model, no hypothesis adopted in the Pooled OLS Model has been accepted. This suggests that developing an appropriate model is more important than other factors for the purpose of generating statistically significant empirical results by showing that different empirical results are produced according to the type of empirical analysis.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.895-904
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the impact of innovation on firm efficiency. Panel data of fourteen finance companies and nine technology companies from 2011 to 2019 on the Vietnam Stock Exchange Market is derived from audited financial statements, annual reports, and other crucial reports that are provided by Vietstock; macroeconomic variables are collected from the World Bank Database. A two-stage approach is used. First, use of the Data Envelopment Analysis methodology to measure firm efficiency. Second, use of the Pooled ordinary least squares, the Fixed effects model, and the Random effects model to investigate the impact of innovation on firm efficiency. Furthermore, the Generalized Method of Moments and the Tobit model are used to validate the impact of innovation on firm efficiency, and the t-test is used to confirm the difference in efficiency with and without the impact of innovation between two industries. The results show that there is a significant impact of innovation on efficiency, and innovation plays a more important in increasing the efficiency of the finance industry than the technology industry. Moreover, the relation between age and efficiency is like the U-shaped, and between size and efficiency is like the inverted U-shaped, whereas efficiency is not associated with inflation.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2018

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop a crash prediction model at signalized intersections, which can capture the randomness and uncertainty of traffic accident forecasting in order to provide more precise results. METHODS : The authors propose a random parameter (RP) approach to overcome the limitation of the Count model that cannot consider the heterogeneity of the assigned locations or road sections. For the model's development, 55 intersections located in the Daejeon metropolitan area were selected as the scope of the study, and panel data such as the number of crashes, traffic volume, and intersection geometry at each intersection were collected for the analysis. RESULTS : Based on the results of the RP negative binomial crash prediction model developed in this study, it was found that the independent variables such as the log form of average annual traffic volume, presence or absence of left-turn lanes on major roads, presence or absence of right-turn lanes on minor roads, and the number of crosswalks were statistically significant random parameters, and this showed that the variables have a heterogeneous influence on individual intersections. CONCLUSIONS : It was found that the RP model had a better fit to the data than the fixed parameters (FP) model since the RP model reflects the heterogeneity of the individual observations and captures the inconsistent and biased effects.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.195-220
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• 2018

This study aims to examine the extent to which youth householder's assets influence life satisfaction and whether depression mediates the relationship between assets and life satisfaction among youth householders. Using the 7th~11th panel data from the KOWEPS, this study employed fixed-effect model and Sobel-test to test the mediating effects. Key findings are as follows: First, this study found positive impacts of youth householder's assets on life satisfaction. Second, the effects of assets on life satisfaction were found to be mediated by depression of youth householders. These findings suggest that asset-based policies targeting youth should be expanded in Korea. This study concludes with several policy implications for development of more inclusive asset-based policies for youth.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the bestseller ranks on the book circulations in public libraries. To achieve this goal, the weekly data sets of 179 books' library circulation and bestseller list from January 1, 2018 to December 29, 2019 were constructed based on the data collected from BigData MarketC and YES24. Three methods for analyzing panel data including linear regression, fixed-effect, and random effect models were compared, and it turned out that fixed-effect model was better than other methods. The results show that the average ranks of bestsellers were associated with their public library circulations visually. Also, the analysis of fixed-effect model showed that the single rank decline of a book on the bestseller list decreases its average circulation of 0.108 while the size of effect varied depending on subject of books. The study empirically demonstrated the impact of a bestseller list on people's book circulation behavior, suggesting that public libraries need to reference sociocultural context as well as bestseller book lists to predict library user needs and to formulate collection development policy.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to estimate the mediating effect of subjective unmet healthcare needs on poor health. The mediating effect of unmet needs on health outcomes was estimated. Methods: Cross-sectional research method was used to analyze Korea Health Panel data from 2011 to 2015, investigating the mediating effect for each annual dataset and lagged dependent variables. Results: The magnitude of the effect of low income on poor health and the mediating effect of unmet needs were estimated using age, sex, education level, employment status, healthcare insurance status, disability, and chronic disease as control variables and self-rated health as the dependent variable. The mediating effect of unmet needs due to financial reasons was between 14.7% to 32.9% of the total marginal effect, and 7.2% to 18.7% in lagged model. Conclusions: The fixed-effect logit model demonstrated that the existence of unmet needs raised the likelihood of poor self-rated health. However, only a small proportion of the effects of low income on health was mediated by unmet needs, and the results varied annually. Further studies are necessary to search for ways to explain the varying results in the Korea Health Panel data, as well as to consider a time series analysis of the mediating effect. The results of this study present the clear implication that even though it is crucial to address the unmet needs, but it is not enough to tackle the income related health inequalities.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.63-72
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• 2020

Shadow banking in China has been growing rapidly; banks use wealth management products aggressively to evade regulatory constraints. The loan-to-deposit ratio or LDR targets both sides of the balance sheet; loans in terms of asset-side, and deposits in terms of liabilities-side; banks needed to control and maintain both sides. Regulators restricted Chinese banks to maintain a 75% limit for their loan-depositratio. Banks' needed to either lower their loans or increase the deposits; WMPs helped banks to evade this limit. Banks issue more WMPs to control and manage a 75% statutory ceiling LDR. This WMPs-LDR positive association disappeared post-2015 period. This study empirically examined how Chinese banks use WMPs issuance to avoid regulatory constraints. Quarterly panel data for 30 top Chinese banks were used by analyzing pre-2015 (during the 75% LDR limit) and post-2015 (after removal of the LDR limit). This study also performed fixed-effects model as recommended by the Hausman specification test, with feasible generalized least squares FGLS estimation technique. The results of this study show that for the pre-2015 period, Chinese banks use issuance of WMPs aggressively to manage their LDR limit; this WMPs-LDR relationship disappeared post-2015 period. Moreover, SMBs use WMPs more eagerly as compare to Big4 banks.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.41-64
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• 2010

The recent global financial crisis triggered by the sub-prime mortgage debacle in the United States hit hard most ASEAN countries that have just recovered from the unprecedented economic crisis ten years ago. This paper, using individual time-series and panel data from 1990 to 2009, intends to investigate and compare the impacts of the two aforementioned economic crises on trade in the four developing ASEAN countries that encompass Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. In doing so, the paper traces the behaviors of main macroeconomic variables before and after the crises on graphs, and then estimates classical export and import demand functions that include real exchange rate, home and foreign GDPs as explanatory variables. In the estimation functions, two dummy variables are added to consider the effects of the two economic crises separately. Individual country data analyses reveal that by and large the 1997 economic crisis seems hit those ASEAN countries' exports and imports harder than the recent global financial crisis. Surprisingly the recent financial crisis turns out more or less statistically insignificant for those countries' export and import performances. The fixed effect model estimation using panel data of those four ASEAN countries also shows that the 1997 economic crisis had affected exports and imports of those countries negatively while the recent global financial crisis was not statistically significant. These results indicate that overall the effect from the 1997 crisis was more devastating than that of the recent global crisis for those ASEAN countries.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.515-522
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• 2023

Objectives: The pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exerted an unprecedented impact on the health of populations worldwide. However, the adverse health consequences of the pandemic in terms of infection and mortality rates have varied across countries. In this study, we investigate whether COVID-19 mortality rates across a group of developed nations are associated with characteristics of their healthcare systems, beyond the differential policy responses in those countries. Methods: To achieve the study objective, we distinguished healthcare systems based on the extent of healthcare decommodification. Using available daily data from 2020, 2021, and 2022, we applied quantile regression with non-additive fixed effects to estimate mortality rates across quantiles. Our analysis began prior to vaccine development (in 2020) and continued after the vaccines were introduced (throughout 2021 and part of 2022). Results: The findings indicate that higher testing rates, coupled with more stringent containment and public health measures, had a significant negative impact on the death rate in both pre-vaccination and post-vaccination models. The data from the post-vaccination model demonstrate that higher vaccination rates were associated with significant decreases in fatalities. Additionally, our research indicates that countries with healthcare systems characterized by high and medium levels of decommodification experienced lower mortality rates than those with healthcare systems involving low decommodification. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that stronger public health infrastructure and more inclusive social protections have mitigated the severity of the pandemic's adverse health impacts, more so than emergency containment measures and social restrictions.