• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.422-426
• /
• 2008

In this study, the preventive effects of Radix Trichosanthis extracts (RTE) against cytokine-induced ${\beta}-cell$ death were assessed. Cytokines generated by immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets are crucial mediators of ${\beta}-cell$ destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The treatment of RIN cells with $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) resulted in a reduction of cell viability. RTE protected $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-mediated viability reduction in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with RTE also induced a significant suppression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. The molecular mechanism by which RTE inhibited iNOS protein expression appeared to involve the inhibition of $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation. The $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-stimulated RIN cells showed increases in $NF{-\kappa}B$ binding activityand $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation in cytosol compared to unstimulated cells. However, pretreatment with RTE inhibited cytokines-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation in RINm5F cells. Furthermore, the protective effects of RTE were verified via protection of impairment in glucose-stimulated insulin secretions in $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-treated islets.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.523-529
• /
• 1992

The GEP endocrine cells of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, were studied immunohistochemically. Five kinds of the endocrine cells were identified in this study A moderated number of 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the gastro intestinal tract, being almost uniform frequency. Gas/CCK -immunoreactive cells were restricted to the basal portion of the pyloric gland and among the duodenal mucosa. A rare glucagon-immunoreactive cells were weakly reacted in the fundic region of the stomach and observed in the exocrine portions of the pancreas. Somatostatine-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract with except for the rectum, and not only the periphery of the islets but also the exocrine portions in the pancreas. No CGs- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were found in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas in the pancreas, the later was seen in the central region of the islets and the exocrine portions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.747-755
• /
• 1996

The regional distribution and relative frequencies of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically in the GIT and pancreas of the Korean mole. Seven kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. Although 5-HT- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were seen throughout the GIT, they were most predominant in the pyloric gland region. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were restricted on the large intestine. Bovine CG-immunoreactive cells were more frequent in the stomach than in the intestines which were not detected in the duodenum. Numerous Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were found in the pyloric gland region, but rarely in the jejunum and ileum. BPP-immunoreactive cells were observed to be rare in the stomach and ileum but were a few in number in the intestines. In the pancreas, four types, namely, glucagon-, somatostatin-, BPP- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were identified in the pancreatic islets and exocrine portion. These results suggest that although endocrine cells of the Korean mole is less abundant in the duodenum, the distribution pattern of its gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine cells is similar to that reported for the Korean hedgehog.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.304-312
• /
• 2018

Regulatory T cells (Treg), known as immune-suppressors, may help modulate the immune response. In this study, we investigated the effect of Treg-derived $TGF-{\beta}1$ on pancreatic islet cell function in vitro and in vivo. One hundred eighty IEQ (islet equivalents) of pancreatic islets, the marginal amount to regulate blood glucose level after syngeneic islet transplantation in mouse type 1 diabetes (T1D) model, were co-cultured with $4{\times}10^6$ Treg cells for 48 hours. The changes in $TGF-{\beta}1$, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and insulin secretion levels were measured and analyzed among the Treg-only group, the islet-only group, and the Treg/islet co-cultured group. In the Treg/islet co-cultured group, IL-6 and insulin secretion levels were increased (P<0.0005, P<0.005) and islet viability was improved (P<0.005) compared with the islet-only group. Furthermore, after transplantation, the co-cultured islets regulated blood glucose levels efficiently in the T1D mouse model. These data suggest that Treg could improve islet functions and viability via the $TGF-{\beta}1$ secretion pathway (P<0.05~0.005), thus the use of Treg in islet transplantation should be explored further.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 1973

The blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin(IRI) levels were measured glucose tolerance test in 7 healthy subjects and 6 patients with chronic liver diseases. The glucose tolerance was impaired in 5 of the 6 patients and normal in 1. Plasma IRI responses were markedly increased and delayed in all patients, suggesting insulin resistance. Patients with more glucose intolerance showed less increase in plasma IRI than the group with less intolerance. It is suggested that some insulin antagonists may decrease the peripheral insulin sensitivity and stimulate compensatory hyperactivity of pancreatic islets. If the compensatory hyperactivity is inadequate due to genetic predisposition to diabetes mellitus or exhaustion of ${\beta}$-cells of pancreatic islsts, the glucose intolerance and overt diabetes mellitus may ensue.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.253-270
• /
• 2007

Objectives : This study has been carried out to understand the effect of Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Seungmagalgeuntang on the hyperglycemic mice induced with Streptozotocin(STZ). Methods : The 60mg/kg of STZ was fed into mice twice by 24 h interval and then 120mg/kg STZ was fed again 3 days after the earlier feeding, Control group was administered mice with 0.9% saline(2mL/kg/day), and experimental groups were administered Cimicifugae Rhizoma extract(CA group, 10mg/kg/day; CB group, 30mg/kg/day) or Seungmagalgeuntang(SA group, 10mg/kg/day; SB group, 30mg/kg/day) after hyperglycemic induction for 6 weeks. Results : The body weight of experimental groups higher than control. The blood glucose concentration of the control group increased continuously reaching to 298.9 mg/dL after 6 weeks, however, significantly(p<0.01 or p<0.05) decreased in the SA and SB groups compared with control group. Blood insulin level significantly(p<0.01) increased in the experimental groups. The activities of SOD and catalase were more decreased in the experimental group than control group compared with normal group. In the point of pancreatic immunohistochemical change, the experimental group's pancreatic islets have increased and enlarged and the concentration of insulin-positive beta cells has also increased, comparing with the control group. Meanwhile forms of nucleus and mitochondria in the experimental group's hepatic cells were almost similar to the normal group. Conclusion : The result from the six weeks of observation demonstrates that the extracts from Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Seungmagalgeuntang have positive effects on lowering blood sugar level and elevating insulin concentration. The extract had also effects on recovering and regenerating pancreatic tissue of the hyperglycemic mice induced with STZ. At the same time, it had a protective effect against hepatotoxicity as well.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.95-99
• /
• 2011

Type 1 diabetes is one of the classical examples of organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by lymphocytic infiltration or inflammation in pancreatic islets called 'insulitis'. In contrast, type 2 diabetes has been traditionally regarded as a metabolic disorder with a pathogenesis that is totally different from that of type 1 diabetes. However, recent investigation has revealed contribution of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In addition to type 2 diabetes, the role of chronic inflammation is being appreciated in a wide variety of metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will cover the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders with an emphasis on NLRP3.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.441-446
• /
• 1996

The Schizonepeta tenuifolia spikes (STS) have been used as a traditional folk medicine for antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-spasmodic purpose in Korea. Phytosterols (mixture of campesterol 3.68%, stigmasterol 2.30% and ${\beta}$-sitosterol 94.02%) and hesperidin were isolated by chromatography from ether and n-BuOH fractions of STS respectively. These compounds significantly reduced the blood glucose level and lessened the loss of body weight and water consumption dose-dependently when administered at a i.p. doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 4 days after the i.v. injection of streptozotocin (I 80 mg/kg). In the morphologic study, these compounds showed protective activity on the pancreatic islets, especially .betha.-cells, from the degenerative changes by streptozotocin.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.1584-1591
• /
• 2008

The effect of Chlorella hot water extract (CE) on hyperglycemia in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats has not been studied. Therefore, hypoglycemic effect of CE in type I streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats was studied. Rats were fed a semisynthetic diet supplemented with either 3% (the STZ+CE3) and 6% (the STZ+CE6) CE or no supplement the Normal and the STZ-Control rats for 4 weeks. The concentrations of fasting and non-fasting blood glucose were higher in the STZ-Control rats than in the Normal rats, but this rise was lowered in the STZ+CE3 and the STZ+CE6 rats. Serum insulin concentrations were decreased with STZ injection, however, the decreased levels were almost restored to the Normal level with CE supplementation. The increased serum fructosamine levels associated with hyperglycemia were decreased with the CE treatment. The morphology of pancreatic islets in the Normal rat was round and maintained a typical arrangement. The STZ-Control pancreatic beta-cells were found to have significant swelling and severely morphological damaged, however, pancreatic tissue damage by STZ in the CE-supplemented diet group was ameliorated. This study shows that Chlorella hot water extract had a hypoglycemic effect on the STZ-diabetic rats via either increased insulin secretion during recovery or the prevention of STZ-induced pancreatic damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.1133-1138
• /
• 2004

This study has been carried out to investigate the effect of the administration of Rhemanniae Radix extract (5.0 mL/kg/day, RR group) on the hyperglycemic mice (HM group) induced with streptozotocin (STZ). In blood glucose level, RR group showed a significant decrease compared with HM group. The result of glucose tolerance test was more favorable in RR than HM group. A lot of insulin-positive cells and insulin-like growth factor-II positive materials were observed in RR group. A number of apoptotic particles were observed in the HM group, but several apoptotic nuclei were found in RR group. Pancreatic islets of HM group were destructed by the administration of STZ, but islets were recovered from damage in the RR group. These results suggest that administration of Rhemanniae Radix extract to the hyperglycemic mice prevent from the damage induced by STZ.