• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.499-505
• /
• 2011

쑥을 섭취하지 않은 한우육(T0구)과 쑥을 섭취한 한우육(T1구)을 $3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 50일간 냉장하면서 쑥의 섭취 효과를 검토하였다. 냉장 중 T1구는 T0구에 비하여 표면색도의 $a^*$ 값 과 $b^*$ 값이 느리게 저하하였고, 냉장 40일부터 처리구간의 유의성(p<0.01)이 있었다. 냉장 중 T0구와 T1구의 전단력은 낮아지고(p<0.001) 드립과 가열 감량은 많아졌으며(p<0.05), 처리구간의 유의적 차이는 없었다. 냉장 중 T1구는 T0구에 비하여 휘발성염기질소 함량이 느리게 상승하고 냉장 50일에 유의성(p<0.01)이 있으며, 일반세균수와 지방산패도 값이 느리게 상승하고 냉장 30일부터 유의성(p<0.01)이 있었다. 그리고 항산화력은 T1구가 느리게 저하하고 냉장 40일부터 유의성(p<0.05)이 있었다. 냉장 중 T1구는 T0구에 비하여 가열육의 맛, 다즙성 및 연도는 유의적 차이가 없었으며, 향과 종합적 기호도는 냉장 30일부터 유의적(p<0.05)으로 우수하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.288-295
• /
• 1999

Nineteen japonica and Tongil-type rices were selected from seventy nine Korean and Japanese rice cultivars grown in 1989 based on the water uptake behavior of milled rice under the room temperature and boiling conditions. The selected rice cultivars were investigated for water absorbability and some physicochemical characteristics of milled rice, proper water amount for cooking and sensory evaluation of cooked rice. The relationships among the tested grain properties were also examined. The highest varietal variation of water uptake rate was observed at twenty minutes after soaking in water. The maximum water uptake of milled rices at room temperature occurred mostly at about eighty minutes after soaking in water. Newly harvested rices showed a significantly lower water uptake rate of milled rice at 20 minutes after soaking, a relatively higher maximum water absorption ratio under the room temperature, and the less water uptake and volume expansion of boiled rice compared with the one-year old rice samples. The water uptake rate and the maximum water absorption ratio showed significantly negative correlations with the K/Mg ratio and alkali digestion value(ADV) of milled rice. The rice materials showing the higher amount of hot water absorption exhibited the larger volume expansion of cooked rice. The harder rices with lower moisture content revealed the higher rate of water uptake at twenty minutes after soaking and the higher ratio of maximum water uptake under the room temperature condition. These water uptake characteristics were not associated with the protein and amylose contents of milled rice ansd the palatability of cooked rice. The water/rice ratio(in w/w basis) for optimum cooking was averaged to 1.52 in dry milled rices (12% wet basis) with varietal range from 1.45 to 1.61 and the expansion ratio of milled rice after proper boiling was averaged to 2.63(in v/v basis). The water amount needed for optimum cooking was the lowest in Cheongcheongbyeo (Tongil-type rice) and the highest in Jinbubyeo, and the amount could be estimated with about 70% fittness by the multiple regression formula based on some water uptake characteristics, ADV and amylose content of milled rice as the independent variables. Nineteen rice cultivars were classified into seven groups based on scatter diagram projected by principal component analysis using eight properties related to water uptake and gelatinization of milled rice.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.342-348
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 쌀의 생산년도별(2005년, 2006년, 2009년) 품질변이 양상을 구명하기 위하여 남평벼와 동진벼에 대한 다양한 이화학적 특성 및 품질특성을 조사하였다. 저장기간이 길수록 단백질 함량은 증가하였으며, amylose 함량 및 Toyo 윤기치는 감소하는 경향을 보여주었다. 또한 지방산도(KOH mg/100 g)는 2006년산 남평벼와 동진벼가 각각 7.79와 4.79를 나타내었고 2005년산 남평벼와 동진벼가 각각 15.95와 15.68를 나타내어 저장기간이 길수록 2009년산에 비하여 지방산도가 월등히 증가되어 고미취 발생과 산패가 진전된 것으로 보여주었다. 또한 색도는 저장기간이 증가할수록 L값, a값, b값 모두에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 아밀로그래프에 의한 호화점도 측정 결과에서는 저장 기간이 증가함에 따라 최저점도, 최종점도 및 치반점도 값은 감소하는 경향을 보였지만 강하점도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 경도는 저장기간이 증가할수록 잘 부숴지는 경향을 보였고 식미관능평가 결과에서는 일반적으로 저장기간이 증가할수록 선호도가 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 쌀은 수확 후 저장기간이 5년이상 경과되면 신선도와 품질이 저하되고 지방산도가 증가되어 고미취 및 이취가 발생하고 쌀자체의 호화 및 취반특성에 많은 변화가 나타나 밥맛과 관련하여 품질이 저하될 뿐만아니라 식품원료로서의 가치가 떨어지는 것으로 확인 할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.633-640
• /
• 2003

인삼분말을 첨가한 돈가스와 첨가하지 않은 돈가스는 칼로리 함량 및 색도(CIE, L, a, b)에 있어 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 인삼분말 첨가수준을 달리한 (1${\sim}$3% 인삼분말 첨가) 튀김옷을 이용하여 제조된 돈가스 제품간에도 색도에는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 조리 후 진공포장하여 4$^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 저장한 결과 인삼분말을 첨가한 돈가스가 저장 전 기간에 TBA 값이 인삼분말을 첨가하지 않은 돈가스보다 낮게 나타났는데, 저장 5일째까지는 유의적인 차이가 있었으나 10일이후에는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 조리 후 진공포장하여 -20$^{\circ}C$에서 90일간 저장한 결과 낮은 TBA 값을 나타냈으나 저장 90일째까지 0.5mg malonaldehyde/kg sample 수준을 넘지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 지방산 분석결과 인삼성분이 첨가된 돈가스가 첨가하지 않은 돈가스보다 Total MUFA 함량이 낮은 반면 Total PUFA함량은 높은 것으로 나타났으며 SFA 함량에 있어서는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 인삼을 첨가함으로서 MUFA/SFA 비율이 감소하고 PUFA/SFA 비율이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 관능평가결과 인삼성분이 첨가된 돈가스가 첨가하지 않은 돈가스와 비교하여 인삼향 미와 함께 전반적인 기호도가 더 높게 나타났으며 튀김옷에 인삼분말을 1% 첨가한 처리구가 기호도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 인삼분말을 포함한 천연양념을 적절하게 배합하여 돈가스 제품의 저장기간을 연장할 수 있는 인삼분말 첨가수준을 설정하였으며 한국 전통식품이 아닌 돈가스 요리의 색다른 한국적 맛을 구현하면서 인삼특유의 효능 및 사포닌 성분이 함유된 돈가스 제품을 개발하였다.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
• /
• pp.5-56
• /
• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.390-395
• /
• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to study the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers (Experiment 1) and the nutrient digestibility of sheep (Experiment 2) when the animals fed diets containing four levels of dried wormwood (Artemisia sp.). For both experiments the animals were given a basal diet consisting of rice straw and concentrate mixed at 3:7 ratio (on DM basis). In Experiment 1, the treatments were designed as a completely randomized design with two feeding periods. Steers were allotted in one of four dietary treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute dried wormwood for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of the rice straw in the basal diet. Bodyweight gain and average daily gain (ADG) of Hanwoo steers fed diets containing the 5 and 10% wormwood inclusion were greater (p<0.05) than the 3% wormwood-feeding group. Total and daily intakes of roughage and concentrate were not altered by all levels of dried wormwood inclusion. However, the 10% dried wormwood inclusion led to increased total feed intake (p<0.05) compared with that of the 0 and 3% of dried wormwood inclusion. Carcass weight, carcass yield and backfat thickness were not altered by dried wormwood inclusion. The highest level of dried wormwood inclusion resulted in significantly increased (p<0.05) loin-eye area compared with the 0 and 5% levels of dried wormwood inclusion. Experiment 2 was designed by a $4{\times}4$ Latin square with four periods. Sheep were allocated in one of four dietary treatments as same as in Experiment 1. Digestibilities of DM and TDN were significantly increased (p<0.05) in sheep fed the diet containing all three levels of dried wormwood inclusion compared with the control treatment. Digestibilities of CP and crude fiber in the 5% dried wormwood inclusion highly increased (p<0.05) up to 8.2 and 5.5% respectively relative to the control treatment. The palatability was significantly improved (p<0.05) by the 5% dried wormwood inclusion compared with the control treatment. It is concluded that feeding diets containing dried wormwood substituted for equal weights of rice straw at 5 and 10% levels would be anticipated to provide better quality roughage for beef cattle production and higher income for beef cattle producers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.195-203
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with rice bran, flax seed, or sunflower seed to finishing native Korean cattle (Hanwoo) on growth performances, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, free amino acid and peptide contents, and sensory evaluations of Longissimus muscle (LM). A total of 39 Hanwoo steers (average age of 22.2 mo and average body weight (BW) of 552.2 kg) were randomly divided into Control, rice bran (RB), flax seed (FS), or Sunflower seed (SS) groups. The steers were group fed for 273 d until they reached an average age of 31.2 mo. Final BW was 768.2, 785.8, 786.2, and 789.0 kg, and average daily gain was 0.79, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.84 kg for the Control, RS, FS, and SS groups, respectively (p>0.05). Fat thickness of the FS group (19.8 mm) was greater (p<0.05) than that of the other groups. Final yield grade converted into numerical values was 2.0 for the RB group, 1.7 for the Control and SS groups, and 1.4 for the FS group. Marbling degrees for the Control, SS, RB, and FS groups were 5.3, 5.1, 4.7, and 4.6, respectively. Percentages of palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$), stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$), and arachidic acid ($C_{20:0}$) in the LM were not different among the groups. Palmitoleic ($C_{16:1}$) acid was higher (p<0.05) in the SS group. The concentration of oleic acid was highest (p<0.05) in the Control group (47.73%). The level of linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) was 2.3 times higher (p<0.05) in the FS group compared to the other groups. Methionine concentration was (p<0.05) higher in FS (1.7 mg/100 g) and SS (1.2 mg/100 g) steers than in the Control or RB groups. Glutamic acid and ${\alpha}$-aminoadipic acid (${\alpha}$-AAA) contents were (p<0.05) higher in the FS group compared to the other groups. LM from the FS group had numerically higher (p>0.05) scores for flavor, umami, and overall palatability in sensory evaluations. In conclusion, supplementation of flax seed to diets of finishing Hanwoo steers improved sensory evaluations which might have been caused by increases in flavor related amino acids such as methionine, glutamic acid and ${\alpha}$-AAA and peptides, anserine and carnosine, and their complex reactions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권11호
• /
• pp.1629-1640
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to compare carcass traits, sensory characteristics, physiochemical composition, and contents of nucleotides, collagen, and free amino acids among quality grades (QG) and to understand the association between QG and above parameters in loin and rump of Korean cattle steer. Loin and rump samples were obtained from 48 Korean cattle steers with each of four QG (QG 1++, 1+, 1, and 2; average 32 months of age). Carcass weight and marbling score (MS) were highest in QG 1++, whereas texture score measured by a meat grader was highest in QG 2. A correlation analysis revealed that MS (r = 0.98; p<0.01) and fat content (r = 0.73; p<0.01) had strong positive correlations with QG and that texture had a strong negative correlation (r = -0.78) with QG. Fat content in loin was highest but protein and moisture contents were lowest in QG 1++. Our results confirmed that a major determinant of QG is the MS; thus, intramuscular fat content. The International Commission on Illumination $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values in loin were highest in QG 1++. Numeric values of shear force in loin were lowest in QG 1++, whereas those of tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability tended to be highest in QG 1++ without statistical significance. QG was strongly correlated with juiciness (r = 0.81; p<0.01) and overall acceptability (r = 0.87; p<0.001). All sensory characteristics were higher (p<0.05) in loin than those in rump. Adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) contents in both loin and rump did not differ among QGs. No nucleotide (AMP, IMP, inosine, hypoxanthine) was correlated with any of the sensory traits. Total, soluble, and insoluble collagen contents in loin were higher in QG 1++ than those in QG 1. All three collagens had lower content in loin than that in rump. All three collagens were positively correlated with tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability. Glutamic acid content did not significantly differ among the four QGs in either loin or rump. In conclusion, it is confirmed that QG is associated with sensory traits but nucleotide contents in beef may not be a major factor determining meat palatability in the present study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2003

In order to find the feasibility of feeding raw or processed cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM), 30 male crossbred lambs were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 6 animals each. Lambs were fed each of the isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures containing 30% deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC) (reference diet), 40% raw, 45 minute cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ or iron (1 part free gossypol:0.3 parts iron) treated CSM (replacing about 50% nitrogen moiety of reference concentrate mixture). The concentrate mixture was fed to meet 80% of CP requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad libitum maize (Zea mays) hay for 180 days. Incorporation of raw or processed CSM did not affect the palatability of diets as evidenced by higher (p<0.01) or comparable overall daily intakes of DM and protein (CP and Digestible CP) per kg $W^{0.75}$ by lambs in comparison to reference group. Intakes of DE and ME increased (p<0.01) due to inclusion $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM in diets, while the intakes were lower (p<0.01) on iron treated CSM based diet when compared with reference diet. The intakes of DM, CP, TDN, DE and ME by reference and experimental lambs were higher than the requirements stipulated by NRC (1985). The growth rate was highest (p<0.01) in lambs fed on diets with cooked CSM followed by those fed raw or $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets. The growth of lambs fed on iron treated CSM diets was depressed (p<0.01) in comparison to that of other experimental lambs probably due to increased iron intake (889 mg/kg DM of diet) which was much higher than the toxic levels of 500 ppm (NRC, 1980). The lambs on various diets utilized DM with similar efficiency while the utilization of energy (TDN, DE and ME) was more efficient (p<0.01) when the diets contained raw or cooked CSM in comparison to that of reference diet. The lambs fed raw and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM incorporated diets utilized DCP with higher (p<0.01) efficiency than the lambs fed reference diet. The feed cost per kg weight gain was lower (p<0.01) on raw, cooked and $Ca(OH)_2$ treated CSM based diets in comparison to reference diet. Cooking of CSM for 45 minutes further reduced the feed cost of weight gain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.880-886
• /
• 2007

Ensiled or oven-dried green tea by-products (GTB) were evaluated in goats for their nutritive potential as protein feedstuffs based on in vitro and in vivo digestibility. To elucidate the effects of tea tannin on in vitro digestibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a tannin binding agent. Both ensiled and dried GTB contained 31.9 to 32.6% of crude protein (CP) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Phenolics and tannins in soybean meal and alfalfa hay were low or not detected, but they were high in both ensiled and dried GTB (7.3-10.1% DM as total extractable tannins). In vitro protein digestibility in the rumen ranked: soybean meal>alfalfa hay cube>ensiled GTB = dried GTB. The protein digestibility post-ruminally of these feedstuffs showed a similar trend to that in the rumen, but the digestibility of ensiled GTB was significantly higher than that of dried GTB. Addition of PEG improved the in vitro protein digestibility of both kinds of GTB in the rumen and post-ruminally, indicating that tannins suppressed the potential protein digestibility of GTB. The increased protein digestibility by PEG addition was not significantly different between ensiled and dried GTB in the rumen, but the percentage increment of ensiled GTB was higher than dried GTB post-ruminally. In the in vivo digestibility trial, ensiled and dried GTB were offered to goats as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes. Offering both GTB to goats as 5-10% on a DM basis did not affect nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentration. However, the eating time of the GTB-incorporated diet was longer than that of the basal diet. It took 1.4 and 1.6 times longer than the control diet, to eat the diet completely when GTB silage was offered at 5 and 10% levels, respectively, of the total diet. These results show that ensiled and dried GTB are useful as partial substitutes for soybean meal and alfalfa hay cubes for goats with respect to nutritive value. Because of lessened palatability, it is recommended that GTB be incorporated into the diet at 5% on a DM basis.