• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2004

Optimal analytical conditions have been established for mixing and reaction coil length, concentrations of ECR, CTAB, and acetate, reaction temperature and pH in the determination of aluminum by using flow injection analysis(FIA). Detection limit and repeatability for this system were $3{\mu}g/L$ and better than 1% of relative standard deviation, respectively. The interference from iron(III) was suppressed up to 6mg/L of iron(III) by $0.1{\mu}M$ ascorbic acid, and the interference from fluoride could be tolerated in absorption of Al/ECR/CTAB derivative by 10mM boric acid at pH 3.5 adjusted with nitric acid. This FIA system was applied to the determination of aluminum leached from cooking utensils by distilled and tap water containing fluoride ranged from 0.5 to 2mg/L by measurement of absorbance for Al/ECR/CTAB at 585nm. The leached aluminum content was increased with increasing concentration of fluoride. The aluminum contents leached from aluminum utensils by tap water were about 9 fold higher than those leached by distilled water, whereas aluminum contents leached by distilled water containing fluoride were about 2 fold higher compared to those leached by distilled water. That represented that other dissolved substances as well as fluoride in tap water contributed to liberation of aluminum from aluminum utensils. A comparison between FIA data and ICP-AES data by correlation and paired t test showed that the FIA system could be accepted as a good alternative method for the determination of aluminum in tap water.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2018

Background: Gelada baboon is one of the endemic mammals of Ethiopia residing in different highlands. The population structure and habitat use of gelada baboon in Wof-Washa particularly Gosh Meda area was investigated from September 2016 to August 2017. Total counting method was used to collect data on the population status by dividing the study area in to four blocks, namely, Kundi, Arbgebeya, Goshber, and Goshmeda. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The age-sex category and the numbers of geladas found within the different blocks were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and paired t test was also used to analyze the pair wise comparison of the different age and sex categories during both dry and wet seasons. Results: A total of 435 and 471 gelada baboons were counted during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The maximum group size consisted of 178 individuals whereas the minimum group size contained 53 individuals. Out of the total population adult females accounted for 54.7% in the wet and 54.56% in the dry seasons. There was a significant difference among the age-sex categories in both the wet ($F_{2432}=630$, P < 0.05) and dry ($F_{2468}=696.6$, P < 0.05) seasons. The male to female ratio was 1:5.7 during wet season and 1:5.8 during dry season. So that the population will have a better chance to increase in the study area. Conclusion: Wof-Washa Forest could be a good site for eco-tourism activities due to the presence of endemic animals and its scenic beauty. However, the quality of the habitat is decreasing due to livestock grazing, agricultural expansion, and invasion of exotic plants species. Therefore, appropriate conservation measures should be implemented to conserve gelada baboon in particular and other wildlife resources in general.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on gait parameters in elderly women with osteoarthritis. Method: The subjects of this study were 11 elderly women (age: $67.09{\pm}2.47$, height: $157.35{\pm}4.30cm$, weight: $62.49{\pm}6.36kg$) with knee osteoarthritis. The combined exercise program of this study was divided into aerobic exercise and lower extremity strengthening exercises. The exercises were performed for 60 minutes per session, three times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. The maximum joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle joints with walking were obtained with 8-3D cameras (MX-T20, Vicon, USA) and 2-force plate (AMTI OR6-7-400, AMTI, USA). SPSS Windows version 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. A paired t-test was used for pre-post comparison. An alpha level of .05 was utilized in all tests. Results: The maximum extension moment was significantly higher in the hip joint after P1 on the X axis. The maximum joint moment of P3 in extension was statistically significantly lower after intervention. On the Z axis, the maximum joint moment was significantly lower after the exercise intervention at P3. There was a statistically significant increase in the extension moment of the left and right knee joints in the X axis after exercise intervention. In the right ankle joint, P1 (plantar flexion moment) showed a statistically significant high moment after exercise intervention. Conclusion: These results suggest that combined exercise, including lower limb and aerobic exercise, may have a positive effect on mobility and walking moments in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to find out if it helps to improve static balance ability and weight bearing rate for chronic stroke patients with poor balance in clinical intervention through a method of correcting movement errors while performing a task by vibrotactile bio-feedback providing pressure information. Methods : Fifteen chronic stroke patients (12 male and 3 female) were participated in this study. To examine the effects of vibrotactile bio-feedback and general standing without bio-feedback on static balance ability and weight distribution symmetric index in all subjects randomized with R Studio. The static balance ability and weight distribution symmetric index of the participants was evaluated using a force plate. A paired t-test was used for comparison of each conditions. Statistical significance was set at α=0.05. Results : The comparisons of static balance ability and weight distribution symmetric index in chronic stroke patients after two different condition are as follows. In the static balance ability and weight distribution symmetric index, the vibrotactile feedback providing pressure information showed a significant difference compared to none feedback (p<.001). Conclusion : The vibrotactile bio-feedback providing pressure information in real time can support an improve in static balance ability, uniform weight bearing rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients. In the future, it is hoped that a follow-up study that provides a better direction of intervention compared to various feedback interventions commonly used in clinical practice.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images obtained using different voxel sizes in measuring trabecular bone microstructure in comparison to micro-CT. Materials and Methods: Twelve human skull bones containing posterior-mandibular alveolar bone regions were analyzed. CBCT images were obtained at voxel sizes of 0.075mm(high: HI) and 0.2mm(standard: Std), while microCT imaging used voxel sizes of 0.06 mm (HI) and 0.12 mm (Std). Analyses were performed using CTAn software with the standardized automatic global threshold method. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the consistency and agreement of paired measurements for bone volume (BV), percent bone volume (BV/TV), bone surface (BS), trabecular thickness (TbTh), trabecular separation (TbSp), trabecular number (TbN), trabecular pattern factor(TbPf), and structure model index (SMI). Results: When compared to micro-CT, CBCT images had higher BV, BV/TV, and TbTh values, while micro-CT images had lower BS, TbSp, TbN, TbPf, and SMI values (P<0.05). The BV, BV/BT, TbTh, and TbSp variables were higher with Std voxels, whereas the BS, TbPf, and SMI variables were higher with HI voxels for both imaging methods. For each imaging modality and voxel size evaluated, BV, BS, and TbTh were significantly different(P<0.05). TbN, TbPf, and SMI showed statistically significant differences between imaging methods(P<0.05). The consistency and absolute agreement between micro-CT and CBCT were excellent for all variables. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the potential of high-resolution CBCT imaging for quantitative bone morphometry assessment.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2022

이 연구는 『적천수』에 대한 다양한 판본들을 비교하고 분석하여 한가지 원문을 두고 평주한 시각에 따라 달라져 있는 주석에 대하여 어떤 해석이 더 타당한 것인가를 확인하고자 하는 데 목적이 있다. 『적천수』는 뜻이 감추어져 있는 매우 잘 다듬어진 시부(詩賦)의 문장이어서 명리이론들을 깨닫기가 쉽지는 않다. 시각들이 다양하게 존재하다 보니 평주들을 읽는데 사람들에게 혼란을 더 가중시킨다. 임철초가 증주를 추가로 저술하고 512개의 많은 명조 사례를 인용하여 『적천수』의 내용을 세분화시켜 구분하고자 한 점은 명리학의 큰 공헌이라 할 수 있다. 『적천수』의 전반을 관통하는 명리이론의 핵심을 억부론(抑扶論)이라고 보는 관점은 지배적이다. 억부론을 처음으로 언급한 문장은 '체용(體用)'이었으며 함께 짝을 이루는 문장으로 '정신(精神)', 그리고 '쇠왕(衰旺)', '중화(中和)'를 들 수 있다. 중반부에 이르러서 이어지는 명리 각론 중의 '강유(剛柔)', '중과(衆寡)'에서도 『적천수』의 억부론은 이어지며 계속 논의된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2023

완전 무치악 환자에서 상악은 전통적인 총의치 치료를 통해 충분한 안정, 지지 및 유지를 얻기 용이하지만, 하악은 해부학적 한계로 인하여 치료에 어려움이 있기 때문에 임플란트를 동반한 치료를 고려할 수 있다. 구치부에 임플란트 식립이 어려운 경우에는 이공 전방에 4 - 5개의 임플란트를 이용하여 하악의 의치를 고정해주는 하이브리드 형 고정성 총의치로 치료할 수 있고, 구치부에 임플란트 식립이 가능한 경우라면 다수 유닛으로 구성되는 임플란트 지지 고정성 보철물을 고려할 수 있다. 이러한 접근방식은 시대가 지남에 따라 수술방식이나 사용하는 재료 등이 다양하게 변해왔다. 본 증례에서는 상악 총의치를 사용하는 완전 무치악 환자의 하악에서 임플란트를 이용한 고정성 보철 치료의 증례를 중심으로 치료 방법을 비교해 보고자 한다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

Securities and investment services have and use large data. Investors started to invest through their own analysis methods. There are 22 major securities and investment companies in Korea and only 6 companies support open API. Python is effective for requesting and receiving, analyzing text data from open API. Daishin Securities Co. is the only open API that officially supports Python, and eBest Investment & Securities Co. unofficially supports Python. There are two important differences between CYBOS plus of Daishin Securities Co. and xingAPI of eBest Investment & Securities Co. First, we must log in to CYBOS plus to access the server of Daishin Securities Co. And the python program does not require a logon. However, to receive data using xingAPI, users log on in an individual Python program. Second, CYBOS plus receives data in a Request/Reply method, and zingAPI receives data through events. It can be thought that these points will show a difference in response time. Response time is important to users who use open APIs. Data were measured from August 5, 2021, to February 3, 2022. For each measurement, 15 repeated measurements were taken to obtain 420 measurements. To increase the accuracy of the study, both APIs were measured alternately under same conditions. A paired t-test was performed to test the hypothesis that the null hypothesis is there was no difference in means. The p-value is 0.2961, we do not reject null hypothesis. Therefore, we can see that there is no significant difference between means. From the boxplot, we can see that the distribution of the response time of eBest is more spread out than that of Cybos, and the position of the center is slightly lower. CYBOS plus has no restrictions on Python programming, but xingAPI has some limits because it indirectly supports Python programming. For example, there is a limit to receiving more than one current price.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.646-657
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is the gold standard for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE) and is also useful for verifying the validities of dietary evaluation tools. In this study, we compared the accuracy of total energy intakes (TEI) estimated by the 24-h diet recall method with TEE obtained using the doubly labeled water method. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study involved 71 subjects aged 20-49 yrs. Over a 14-day period, three 24-h diet recalls per subject (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) were used to estimate energy intakes, while TEE was measured using the DLW method. The paired t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between TEI and TEE results, and the accuracy of the 24-h recall method was determined by accuracy predictions percentage, root mean square error, and bias. RESULTS: Average study subject age was 33.4 ± 8.6 yrs. The association between TEI and TEE was positive and significant (r = 0.463, P < 0.001), and the difference between TEI (2,084.3 ± 684.2 kcal/day) and TEE (2,401.7 ± 480.3 kcal/day) was also significant (P < 0.001). In all study subjects, mean TEI was 12.0% (307.5 ± 629.3 kcal/day) less than mean TEE, and 12.2% (349.4 ± 632.5 kcal/day) less in men and 11.8% (266.7 ± 632.5 kcal/day) less in women. Rates of TEI underprediction for all study subjects, men, and women, were 60.5%, 51.4%, and 66.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that 24-h diet recall underreports energy intakes. More research is needed to corroborate our findings and evaluate the accuracy of 24-h recall with respect to additional demographics.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2016

DMSA 방사성의약품은 몸쪽 세뇨관과 주위 콩팥겉질 세포에 섭취되어 콩팥 겉질의 평가 및 영상화에 유용하게 사용되는 의약품으로 신우신염의 진단에 매우 예민도가 높은 검사여서 소아에게 많이 사용되고 있는 검사이다. 소아에게 투여되는 방사성 동위원소의 양은 미량이 되고 소아의 신체가 Field of View (FOV)에 대부분이 포함이 되는 만큼 방광에 소변이 차있게 된다면 그만큼 콩팥을 영상화하는데 영향을 미치게 됨을 연구를 통해 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 총 계수 설정법과 시간 설정법 중에 시간 설정법으로 연구를 진행하였다. 2015년 10월에서 12월까지 요로감염 및 신우신염이 의심되어 본원을 내원 및 입원하여 시행한 생후 1개월부터 12개월까지의 소아 34명을 대상으로 하였으며 환자에게는 동일한 선량 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi)를 각각의 환자에게 동일한 양을 주입 후 2~3시간 후 검사를 진행하였다. 이때 사용된 장비는 Siemens사의 Symiba E (Siemens Medical solution USA, Inc.) 장비를 사용하였고 영상의 분석하기 위하여 Syngo MI Applications VA60C 소프트웨어를 사용하였다. 통계학적 분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics Ver. 21를 이용하여 분석하였으며 Paired t-test를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 검사는 한번의 검사에 7분의 시간으로 후면상을 획득하였으며 이후 자체 제작된 납을 이용하여 방광을 가린 후 추가로 동일한 시간으로 영상을 획득하였다. 영상 분석 시에 동일한 크기의 (가로 55.2 mm ${\times}$ 세로 70.0 mm)의 ROI (Region of Interest)를 설정하여 분석하였다. 콩팥의 계수는 (Lt. Kidney counts + Rt. Kidney counts) / Total counts의 백분율로 나타내어 계산하여 평가하였고. Background 수치는 같은 영상을 비교하기에 배제하고 연구를 진행하였다. 방광을 차폐시킨 후의 콩팥 계수는 $79.40{\pm}5.19%$ 방광을 차폐시키기 전의 콩팥 계수는 $70.87{\pm}3.18%$으로 나타났으며 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $8.52{\pm}3.29%$로 차폐시킨 후와 차폐시키기 전을 비교 분석하였을 때 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 주사 방법 중 3way stopcock를 이용하여 주사하였을 경우 차폐 후 콩팥 계수는 $78.10{\pm}4.61%$ 차폐 전 콩팥계수는 $68.92{\pm}2.80%$로 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $9.18{\pm}3.53%$로 나타났으며 Heparin cap을 이용하였을 경우 차폐 후 $79.84{\pm}3.26%$, 차폐 전 $71.33{\pm}5.14%$로 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $8.51{\pm}2.92%$로 나타났으며 마지막으로 직접 주사했을 경우 차폐 후 콩팥 계수는 $82.07{\pm}2.35%$, 차폐 전 콩팥 계수는 $75.11{\pm}4.30%$로 (차폐시킨 후 - 차폐 전)의 콩팥 계수는 $6.96{\pm}2.78%$로 세 가지 방법 모두 차폐시킨 후와 차폐시키기 전을 비교 분석하였을 때 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 직접 주사, Heparin cap, 3way stopcock 순의 콩팥 계수율을 보임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 소아의 Renal DMSA scan검사 시에 방광의 방사능을 제거하여 방광을 차폐하였을 때 차폐하지 않았을 때보다 개선된 콩팥섭취율을 보였고 소아의 경우에 혈관 확보에 어려움이 있지만 직접 주입하거나 환자의 몸에 근접하도록 방사성 동위원소를 주입한다면 더 나은 영상 획득에 도움이 될 것이다.