• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.361-367
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• 2011

Soil fertility of alpine soils in Gangwon-Do has been deteriorating because of heavy input of chemical fertilizers for intensive crop production. To reduce application of chemical fertilizers, use of livestock manure compost in alpine soils increases consistently. Soil loss and runoff due to heavy rainfall in alpine area cause nutrient loss from soil, and subsequently pollute stream water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess nutrient efficiency and loss in Chinese cabbage cultivated soil with different livestock manure composts in several slopes. As control, chemical fertilizer was applied at the rate of $250-78-168kg\;ha^{-1}$ for $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$. Each pig-and chicken manure compost was applied at the rate of $10MT\;ha^{-1}$. Chemical fertilizer + chicken manure compost was applied as same rate. Four treatments was practiced in 5, 20, and 35% filed slopes, respectively. We monitored the amounts of soil loss and runoff water after rainfalls, and we also analyzed the contents of nutrients in soil and runoff water through lysimeter installed in alpine agricultural institute in Gangwon-Do. T-N loss due to soil loss was much greater with increasing filed slops rather than different fertilizer treatments. T-N loss has positive relationship with field slopes, which showing soil loss (MT/ha) = 1.66 slopes (%) - 3.5 ($r^2$ = 0.99). Available phosphate and exchangeable cations showed similar tendency with increasing slopes. T-N and T-P losses caused by runoff water were highest in chemical fertilizer (NPK) + chicken manure compost treated plot, while lowest in chemical fertilizer treatment. T-N contents (2.13, 1.95%) in chinese cabbage treated either pig and chicken manure composts compared to that (2.65%) of chemical fertilizer were significantly less. This could be resulted from much greater T-N loss in soil treated with pig and chicken manure composts.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2023

Objective : With the recent increase in mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the role of neurosurgeons in AIS treatment has become increasingly important. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of patients with AIS treated by neurosurgeons and neurologists in the emergency room (ER) of a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Methods : From January 2020 to June 2021, 536 patients with AIS within 24 hours of symptom onset were admitted to our hospital via the ER. Based on the type of doctors who provided initial care for AIS in the ER, patients were divided into two groups : (a) neurosurgeon group (n=119, 22.2%) and (b) neurologist group (n=417, 77.8%). Results : Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was administered in 82 (15.3%) of 536 patients (n=17 [14.3%] in the neurosurgeon group and n=65 [15.6%] in the neurologist group). The door-to-tPA time was not significantly different between both groups (median, 53 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 45-58 vs. median, 54 minutes; IQR, 46-74; p=0.372). MT was performed in 69 patients (12.9%) (n=25, 36.2% in the neurosurgeon group and n=44, 63.8% in the neurologist group). The neurosurgeon group achieved a shorter door-to-puncture time than the neurologist group (median, 115 minutes; IQR, 107-151 vs. median, 162 minutes; IQR, 117-189; p=0.049). Good clinical outcomes (3-month modified Rankin Scale 0-2) did not differ significantly between the two groups (96/119 [80.7%] vs. 322/417 [77.2%], p=0.454). Conclusion : The neurosurgeon group showed similar door-to-treatment time and clinical outcomes to the neurologist group in patients with AIS in the ER. This study suggests that neurosurgeons have comparable abilities to care for patients with AIS in the ER.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.148-161
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness in Mt. Hwaak (931m). The vascular plants were consisted of total 338 taxa; 92 families, 248 genera, 281 species, 1 subspecies, 47 varieties and 9 forms. It corresponded to 6.9% of totally 4,881 taxa distributed in Korea. The economic plants of this area were 278 taxa. It corresponded to 82.2% of collected plants in this area. Among the economic plants, there were 154 taxa of edible source, 163 taxa of medicinal source, 58 taxa of ornamental source, 91 taxa of pastural source, 22 taxa of industrial source and 9 taxa of timber source. Korean endemic plants of this area were 9 taxa. The rare and endangered plants was 1 taxon, and the specific species floristically of $I\;{\sim}\;V$ grades were 21 taxa. The naturalized plants were 19 taxa and naturalized ratio was 5.6% and Urban index was 6.8%.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.86-93
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• 2008

The chemical composition of the volatile constituents from the leaves and stems of endemic Acanthopanax koreanum and A. chiisanensis collected from Mt. Deokyu was determined by GC and GC/MS spectrometric analysis with the aid of NBS, Wiley Library and RI indice searches. The major constituents identified were ${\delta}-3-carene$ (31.34%), l-limonene (17.01 %), ${\beta}-elemene$(4.53%), trans-p-menth-2-ene-1,8-diol(3.13%), 1,8-cineole (4.73%), 1-dodecen-3-yne (2.64%) and (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene (3.21%) in A. koreanum, and ${\delta}-3-carene$ (14.78%), limonene (7.24%), t-ocimene (7.22%), ${\alpha}-terpinolene$ (8.76%), ${\gamma}-elemene$ (4.32%), ${\beta}-selinene$ (7.72%), veridifloral (3.25%) and dodecane (2.44%) in A. chiisanensis.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2003

Purpose : The renin-angiotensin system(RAS) plays an important role in renal growth and development. We have studied the prevalence of renal anomalies and documented the association between karyotype and renal anomalies using IVP and ultrasonography. Furthermore, to investigate the impact of RAS gene polymorphism on renal anomaly in Turner syndrome, we examined the ACE I/D genotype, angiotensinogen(AGT) gene M235T, angiotensin receptor type 1(ATR) gene A1166C. Methods : Cytogenetic analysis was performed in 33 Turner syndrome patients on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ultrasonography(US) of the kidneys and collecting system and intravenous pyelography(IVP) were perfomed in all patients. Nuclear scintigraphy{Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan} was also performed for the definite renal diagnosis if indicated. And, ACE I/D genotype, angiotensinogen(AGT) gene M235T, angiotensin receptor type 1(ATR) gene A1166C were examined by PCR amplification of genomic DNA samples. Results : The prevalence of renal anolmalies in Turner syndrome was 36.4%(12/33). The Karyotype 45, X was observed in 18 of the 33 girls(54.5%), of whom 8(44.4%) had renal anomalies. Mosaic karyotypes were observed in 11(33.3%) and four(12.2%) had a non-mosaic structural aberration of the X chromosome. In this group 4(25.7%) had renal anomalies. More renal anomalies were associated with the 45, X karyotype than those with mosaic/structural abnormalities of X chromosome, but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). And, there was no significant differences in the RAS gene polymorphism and allele frequencies between renal anomaly group and normal group in Turner syndrome. Conclusion : The prevalence of renal anolmalies in Turner syndrome was 36.4%. There is no significant differences in the RAS gene polymorphism and allele frequencies between the renal anomaly group and the normal group in Turner syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2019

Four-week-old male Korean native chicks (KNC) were assigned to 3 groups with 6 replicates (8 birds/replicate) in each group: a basal diet (CON, 100 ppm of Zn), basal diet fortified with 50 ppm of Zn with zinc oxide (ZnO), or basal diet fortified with 50 ppm of Zn with Zn-methionine (ZnM). Immediately after a 4-week-feeding trial, 6 birds per group were used to evaluate the effects of zinc supplements on antioxidant indicators and the mRNA expression of zinc transport genes. The nitrogen components, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant status in blood were not influenced by Zn fortified diets. However, the ZnM group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in uric acid levels than those in the ZnO group. In the small intestine, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were unaffected by zinc supplements. The activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by Zn-methionine supplementation. In the liver, the activity of GST was significantly (P<0.05) increased by Zn-methionine supplement without affecting SOD, GPX, and MDA levels. With respect to the mRNA expression of zinc transport genes, the ZnM group displayed a strong tendency for increases in intestinal ZnT-1 (P=0.09) and ZnT-5 (P=0.06) levels, compared to those in the CON group. Moreover, the ZnM group showed a tendency (P=0.10) for up-regulation of hepatic metallothionein mRNA as compared with the CON group. In conclusion, the Zn-fortified diet with 50 ppm of Zn-methionine helped to improve GST activity and Zn transport gene expression in the small intestine or liver of KNC.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

The litter production, the nutrient concentration of each component of litterfall, and the amounts of nutrient into the forest floor via litterfall were assessed for 5 years from January 2009 through December 2013 in a Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Worak National Park. The average amounts of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organs(flowers and cones), and miscellaneous categories for 5 years were $1.940{\pm}0.21$, $0.505{\pm}0.15$, $0.259{\pm}0.09$, and $0.737{\pm}0.14t\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The average percentage of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organs and miscellaneous categories for 5 years were 56.4, 14.7, 7.5, and 21.4%, respectively. The amounts of total litterfall in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 2.810, 3.796, 3.268, 3.284, and $4.045ton\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The average amounts of litterfall for 5 years were $3.441{\pm}0.4ton\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The average amounts of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg returned to the forest floor via litterfall for 5 years in this Pinus densiflora forest were $22.73{\pm}4.92$, $1.05{\pm}0.42$, $4.26{\pm}1.69$, $8.48{\pm}4.62$, and $2.42{\pm}1.01kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.536-543
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• 2007

This research was conducted every month from June 1994 until August 1996 with the aim to understand the ecosystem structure through the analysis of oribatid mite community structure in soil subsequent to environmental difference of its habitats located at northward & southward slopes adjacent to each other at an altitude of 1,000 meters of Mt.Jumbong, which is a natural reserved forest, remaining intact. There appeared a significant difference [t-test, p<0.06] in comparison of the number of the species and individuals of Oribatid mite species which were collected and identified at two survey areas. The mean density and the number of the species collected and identified at the northward slopes, and southward slopes were $99.2{\pm}17.6,\;234.2{\pm}62.6$ and $24.7{\pm}3.0,\;40.8{\pm}5.8$, respectively. Species diversity index(H') was higher at the southward slopes($3.09{\pm}0.11$) than at the northward slopes($2.71{\pm}0.13$). The population size of Oribatid mite species was found by the percentage of each species density as against the whole density and classified into dominant species, influent species, and recessive species according to the percentage; as a result, O. nova and Suctobelbella naginata was found to be a dominant species at both survey slopes while Trichogalumna nipponica was found to be a dominant species, at southward but it wasn't collected at the northward slopes at all. The feeding habit of the dominant species at two survey slopes was found to be microphytophagous- eating soil microbe. There appeared a conspicuous difference in compositions of the number of the species, individuals and dominant species at the southward/northward slopes adjoining each other at an attitude of 1,000 meters and less similarity between the two survey slopes. Conclusively, It was found that the heterogeneity of microhabitat has a great effect on Oribatid mite's community characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 1983

In order to elucidate the change of plant community of natural forests caused by air pollution in the area of Mt. Dosjil of Ulsan city, 25 study subplots, 5 subplots from each 5 plots were set up. These plots lay along gradients of chronic exposure to airborne sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), fluorides(F) and possibly other pollutants. Total nitrogen, organic matter, available $P_2O_5$, and CEC were generally depressed near industrial sourecs of air pollutants. The author found a total 7 species near sources of air pollutants and 13 species at the utmost plot from air pollutants. Number of individuals, species diversity, evenness, similarity index and biomass were generally depressed near the industrial source of air pollutants. Tolerant plants to air pollution is Cyperus amuricus, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Bidens bipinnata, Cocculus trilobus, Digtaria sanguinalis, Persicaria hydropiper, Pinus thunbergii, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Robinia pseudoacacia. It contains 4.41ton/ha of aboveground biomass of Robinia pseudoacacia in damaged forest by air pollution and 39.47ton/ha of it in the non-attacked forest. The annual net production is 0.67ton/ha. yr in damaged forest and $7.73ton/ha{\cdot}yr$ in the non-attacked forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.144-161
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• 1990

Pine forest communities developed in Mt. Palgong, southeastern Korea, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to multiple management of local forests, and were classified into two communities, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community(I : mountain forest) and P. densiflora-Climbing plants community (II : valley forest) and six subgroups accompanied by several subgroups. Judging from the coincidence method, the division of communities (vegetation units) was closely related to altitude and topography. Based on vegetation units, a vertical distribution map of pine forest communities was prepared. The species composition(%) of pine forest communities under stratification, in upper and lower tree layer, teas I higher than II, in middle and shrubs lacer II higher than I (Total : Upper 15.5%, Middle 28.4%, Lower 34.6%. Shrubs 21.5%. Sum of mean coverage%i of understory vegetation was II twice as high as I (Total. shrubs 28.4%. forbs 11.4%, Graminoids 11.8%, ferns 1.0%). Based on constance, coverage and d.b.h. class etc., an actual growth and occurrence table of tree species and understory vegetation by vegetation unity were prepared, and could assume a criterion for judging potential dominance-growth conditions.