• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2005

Fermentation properties and in vitro anticancer effect of young radish (YR) kimchi and young radish watery (YRW) kimchi were investigated during fermentation at 5℃. The fermentation of YR kimchi during 2-3 weeks led to the decrease of pH down to pH 4.3, increased acidity, and the highest Leuconostoc sp. counts. YR kimchi showed the acidity of 1.04-1.27% at the pH 4.3, when the kimchi was ripened properly. The fermentation of YRW kimchi during 9 days led to the decrease of pH down to pH 4.3 and the acidity of 0.20%. Inhibitory effects of the juices of YR, YR kimchi, and YRW kimchi on the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells in MTT assay were increased with the added concentration. The juice of YR kimchi had a higher inhibitory effect on the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells than that of YRW kimchi at same concentration. The juice of YR kimchi showed similar inhibitory effects on the growth of AGS human gastric and HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells in MTT assay to baechu kimchi, which the inhibition rates are more than 50%.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.928-934
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• 2002

Gallium doped Zinc Oxide(GZO) films were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering using a GZO ceramic target at various conditions such as substrate temperature (RT, 400), residual water pressure ($P_{H_2O}$; 1.61${\times}10^{-4}∼2.2{\times}10^{-3}$ Pa), introduction of $H_2$ gas (8.5%) and different magnetic field strengths(250, 1000G). GZO films deposited without substrate heating showed clear degradation in film crystallinity and electrical properties with increasing $P_{H_2O}$. The resistivity increased from 3.0${\times}10^{-3}$ to 3.1${\times}10^{-2}{\Omega}㎝$ and the grain size of the films decreased from 24 to 3 nm when PH2O was increased from 1.61${\times}10^{-4}$ to 2.2${\times}10^{-3}$ Pa. However, degradation in electrical properties with increasing $P_{H_2O}$ was not observed for the films deposited with introduction of 8.5% $H_2$. When magnetic field strength of the cathode increased from 250G to 1000G, crystallinity and electrical properties of GZO films improved remarkably about all the $P_{H_2O}$. This result could be attributed to the decrease in film damage caused by the decrease in plasma impedance.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.352-367
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• 1998

Intracellular pH (pHi) plays an important role in the regulation of cellular processes by influencing the acitivity of various enzymes in cells. Therefore, almost every type of mammalian cell possesses an ability to regulate its pHi. One of the most prominent mechanisms in the regulation of pHi is $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger. This exchanger has been known to be activated when cells are stimulated by the binding of agonist to the muscarinic receptors. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare the rates of $H^+$ extrusion through $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger before and during muscarinic stimulation and to investigate the possible existence of $HCO_3^-$ transporter which is responsible for the continuous supply of $HCO_3^-$ ion to saliva. Acinar cells were isolated from the rat mandibular salivary glands and loaded with pH-sensitive fluoroprobe, 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein(BCECF), for 30min at room temperature. Cells were attached onto the coverglass in the perfusion chamber and the changes in pHi were measured on the iverted microscope using spectrofluorometer. 1. By switching the perfusate from $HCO_3^-$-free to $HCO_3^-$-buffered solution, pHi decreased by $0.39{\pm}0.02$ pH units followed by a slow increase at an initial rate of $0.04{\pm}0.007$ pH units/min. The rate of pHi increase was reduced to $0.01{\pm}0.002$ pH units/min by the simultaneous addition of 1 mM amiloride and $100{\mu}M$ DIDS. 2. An addition and removal of $NH_4^+$ caused a decrease in pHi which was followed by an increase in pHi. The increase of pHi was almost completely blocked by 1mM amiloride in $HCO_3^-$-free perfusate which implied that the pHi increase was entired dependent on the activation of $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger in $HCO_3^-$-free condition. 3. An addition of $10{\mu}M$ carbachol increased the initial rate of pHi recovery from $0.16{\pm}0.01$ pH units/min to $0.28{\pm}0.03pH$ units/min. 4. The initial rate of pHi decrease induced by 1mM amiloride was also increased by the exposure of the acinar cells to $10{\mu}M$ carbachol ($0.06{\pm}0.008pH$ unit/min) compared with that obtained before carbachol stimulation ($0.03{\pm}0.004pH$ unit/min). 5. The intracellular buffering capacity ${\beta}1$ was $14.31{\pm}1.82$ at pHi 7.2-7.4 and ${\beta}1$ increased as pHi decreased. 6. The rate of $H^+$ extrusion through $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger was greatly enhanced by the stimulation of the cells with $10{\mu}M$ carbachol and there was an alkaline shift in the activity of the exchanger. 7. An intrusion mechanism of $HCO_3^-$ was identified in rat mandibular salivary acinar cells. Taken all together, I observed 3-fold increase in $Na^+/H^+$ exchanger by the stimulation of the acinar cells with $10{\mu}M$ carbachol at pH 7.25. In addition, I have found an additional mechanism for the regulation of pHi which transported $HCO_3^-$ into the cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.210-214
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• 2001

Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) was added in preparation of kimchi, and the quality was evaluated during fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$. Kimchi showed a rapid decrease in pH until 11 days, but revealed a retarded decrease thereafter. Titratable acidity increased sharply until 15 days, but increased slowly thereafter. Treatment with 5% enoki mushroom showed a lower pH and titratable acidity than control. Total microbial load and lactic acid bacterial count were maximum at 5 days, and were about $2.0{\times}10^{8}\;CFU/ml$. Radical scavenging activity was greater in enoki mushroom added kimchi after 11 days, and it was mainly due to the materials soluble in methanol and ethanol. Kimchi with 5% enoki mushroom showed higher scores than others in color and taste for sensory evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.439-444
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• 1995

Preparative conditions and characteristics of six-vegetable and fruit juice were studied for the effects of mixing ratio, heat treatment and addition of sugar, salt and organic acid. The vegetables and fruit used were carrot(Ct), cabbage(Cg), pear(Pr), cucumber(Cr), celery(Cy) and dongchimi(Di). From the sensory results of mixing ratio of three of binary mixtures of Cg-Pr(1:3):Ct-Di(1:4):Cr-Cy(3:1), two ratios of 5.0:2.5:2.5(V-6A) and 6.0:2.0:2.0(V-6B) were suggested optimal for six-vegetable and fruit juice. Addition of 2% sucrose and 0.3% NaCl improved the preference significantly. The pH 4.0 for V-6A and pH 3.5 for V-6B were more prefered when pH was adjusted by citric acid. Heating the juice at $100^{\circ}C$ for 100 minutes slightly decreased pH and increased the acidity. Total solids and viscosity were also decreased by heating. All of those changes were more significant in V-6B than V-6A, probably due to lower pH. Heating the juice resulted in a slight decrease in L value and an increase in a and b values. Heating at $100^{\circ}C$ caused an increase in moldy flavor and a decrease in fresh vegetable flavor while heating at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes changed them little.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.468-473
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• 2005

The energetics of nitrate uptake by intact cells of the halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica were investigated. Nitrate uptake was inhibited by various protonophores suggesting the coupling of nitrate uptake to the proton motive force. An artificially-generated pH gradient across the membrane (${\Delta}pH$) caused an increase of nitrate uptake. In contrast, the suppression of ${\Delta}pH$ resulted in a decrease of nitrate uptake. The increase of external pH also resulted in an enhancement of nitrate uptake. The generation of the electrical potential across the membrane ($\Delta\psi$) resulted in no elevation of the rate of nitrate uptake. On the other hand, the valinomycin-mediated dissipation of $\Delta\psi$ caused no depression of the rate of nitrate uptake. Thus, it is unlikely that $\Delta\psi$ participated in the energization of the uptake of nitrate. However, $Na^+$-gradient across the membrane was suggested to play a role in nitrate uptake since monensin which collapses $Na^+$-gradient strongly inhibited nitrate uptake. Exogenously added glucose and lactate stimulated nitrate uptake in the starved cells. N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of ATPase, could also inhibit nitrate uptake suggesting that ATP hydrolysis was required for nitrate uptake. All these results indicate that nitrate uptake in A. halophytica is ATP-dependent, driven by ${\Delta}pH$ and $Na^+$-gradient.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2003

The cellular mechanisms that contribute to the acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetes are poorly understood. Therefore, the potential mechanisms involved in the diabetes-dependent increase in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation was investigated. Using primary culture of VSMC from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat aorta, cell proliferation assay showed two-fold increase in cell number accompanied with enhanced superoxide generation compared to normal VSMC, 2 days after plating. Both the increased superoxide production and cell proliferation in diabetic VSMC were significantly attenuated by not only tiron (1 mM), a superoxide scavenger, but also by diphenyleneiodonium (DPI; $10{\mu}M$), an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor. NAD(P)H oxidase activity in diabetic VSMC was significantly higher than that in control cell, accompanied with increased mRNA expression of p22phox, a membrane subunit of oxidase. Furthermore, inhibition of p22phox expression by transfection of antisense p22phox oligonucleotides into diabetic VSMC resulted in a decrease in superoxide production, which was accompanied by a significant inhibition of cell proliferation. Based on these results, it is suggested that diabetes-associated increase in NAD(P)H oxidase activity via enhanced expression of p22phox contributes to augmented VSMC proliferation in diabetic rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1995

Cylindvocarpon destmtalns isolate CY-92-01, pathogen of root-rot of Panax ginseng showed t the maximum mycelial growth on the Czapek solution agar among the thirteen kinds of media. Five isolates (Isolate CY-92-01, CY-92-03, CY-92-07, CY-94-01, CY-94-02) of C. destructan from various growth stages of p. ginseng recovered from several geographical sites also showed maximum growth in the Czapek-Dox broth compared with potato dextrose broth and V-8 juice broth. Rapid growth rate was maintained until 12 days after inoculation on the Czapek-Dox broth and mycelial weight was somewhat constant until 20 days. After 30 days of incubation, the mycelial weight began to decrease. The fungal growth occurred from 5$^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and optimum temperature for growth was 2$0^{\circ}C$. Mycelial weight orderly decreased at 15, 25, 10, and 5$^{\circ}C$. Quantitative measurement was impossible at 5$^{\circ}C$. No fungal growth was occurred at the temperature higher than 3$0^{\circ}C$. Growth was observed at all tested pH ranges from 2.8 to 8.0. Optimum pH for growth was 4.0~5.0 followed by pH 3.3~3.5 and 5.4~6.0. The least growth occurred at pH 2.8.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2001

Shampoos are used routinely by a large number of veterinarians to treat skin diseases. Skin pH is affected by shampoos, however, known to occur. In order to evaluate the effect of shampoos on skin surface pH, we performed the measurement of skin pH using skin pH meter PH900 in five healthy mixed breed dogs. The seven commercial shampoos: Humilac, Sebocalm, Sebolytics, Etiderm, PEroxyderm, HyLyt and Zn-7 Derm were included in this study. The anatomical sites, right thorax was the highest pH (7.66$\pm$0.10), and the lowest pH (6.20$\pm$0.23) was left pinna. A statiscally significant decrease in skin pH was found 7 minutes after application of Humilac, Sebocalm, Etiderm, Peroxyderm (p<0.01) and Sebolytics (p<0.05). After 17 minutes of application skin surface pH was inclined to increase in every shampoos but the degree of increase was slight at 77 minutes. No statiscally significant differences were found in HyLy-T and Zn-7 Derm, but skin pH was normal range (6.2-7.8) after application. Throughout the experiment skin surface pH was maintained above pH 7.0 in detergent. The commercial shampoos, Humilac, Sebocalm, Etiderm, had the decreasing effect on skin surface pH in dogs. The other four shampoos maintain the skin pH normal range. The skin pH meter PH 900 was found simple and useful for skin pH measurement.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1991

A laboratory experiment was conducted in order to learn the effect of a number of organic matters on the ammonification and nitrification of urea, and the reaction of soil, applied to a loamy upland soil poor in orgnic matter(<1.5%, without plants 1.The ammonification of urea was most pronounced in one week period immediatly after fertilizer and water treated, after which a rapid decrease of it was followed showing no accumulation at the end of 3rd week. Owing to the accumlation of ammonium, pHs of treated soils were read 7.0 to 7.3 from 6.8~6.9. 2.Nitrification was also progressed rapidly in the first one week period so that the accumulation of NO$_3$-N surpassed that of ammonia during this period. After the 1st week the accumulation of N0$_3$-N was continuously increased showing the maximum at the end of 4 weeks following a sharp decrease at the end of 5th weeks. The accumulation of NO$_3$-N dropped soil pH from 6.8-7.0 to 6. 0-6.2,but the decrease of NO-N at the end of 5th weeks brought up soil pH to 6.4-6.6. again. 3.Amino acid fermentation byproduct rich in salt, paticularly chloride, slowed down the ammonification and nitrification of urea. 4.The application of organic matter diminished the acidifying effect of chemical fertilizers. The diminishing effect of soluble humic acid and amion acid fermentation byproduct showed greater than that of solid organic matter in this experiment, which might be own to the application of a rather small amount of water soluble organic matters. Rice straw powder among solid organic matters appeared to be the least in the diminishing effect above. It may be reasoned that these soluble organic matters decomposes rapidly so as to affect Soil pH, but solid organic matters, particularly the rice straw powder, form acidic humus.