• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2004

This study was carried out to obtain basic data on physiological characteristics for an artificial cultivation of fruiting body of Cordyceps. Specimens such as Cordyceps longissima, C. militaris and C. pruinosa were collected at Mt. Halla of Cheju island in July, 2003. Among four different culture media which have been used for culture of mushrooms, MCM medium was selected for the favorable culture medium of the Cordyceps tested. The initial pH of solid medium for mycelial growth of Cordyceps was good in the range of pH 5.0~7.0 lower than 8.0. The mycelial growth of C. longissima was most favorable on culture media supplemented with glucose, one of monosaccharides. In C. militaris, nine carbon sources were favorable to the mycelial growth as compared with control among 11 carbon sources. Six nitrogen sources were favorable to the mycelial growth of C. longissima as compared with control among 9 carbon sources; namely, the mycelial growth of C. longissima was most favorable on culture media contained potassium nitrate, and followed in order by ammonium citrate and sodium nitrate in 4 weeks incubation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.418-427
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• 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is the mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 $\omega$6), which is found abundantly in dairy products and meats. This study was peformed to investigate the anticarcinogenic effect of CLA in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cell were treated with LA and CLA at the various concentrations of 15, 30, 60, 120 UM each. After incubation for 48 and 72 hours, cell proliferation, fatty acids incorporation into cell, peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. Postaglandin E$_2$ (PGE$_2$) and thromboxane $A_2$ (TXA$_2$) were measured for the eicosanoids metabolism. There was no cell growth differences in both of LA and CLA treated MCF-7 cells at 48 hr incubation. Compared to LA, cell growth was decreased by CLA treatment according to increasing concentration at longer incubation times, respectively (p<0.05). Both of LA and CLA was incorporated into the cellular lipids 22~54% higher than in control but LA incorporation was not so linear as CLA according to concentration. Arachidonic acid (C20:4, $\omega$6) was synthesized after treatment of LA but did not in CLA, respectively. The lipid peroxide concentration in LA 120 $\mu$M group increased as 1.7 times as that in CLA 120 $\mu$M treated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased by the supplementation with CLA 120 $\mu$M at 72 hr incubation (p<0.001) compared to LA, otherwise activity of superoxide dismutase was not different in both. PGE$_2$ and TXA$_2$ levels were lower in condition of CLA treatments according to lower levels of arachidonic acids than those in LA treated group, respectively. Overall, the dietary CLA might change the MCF-7 cell growth by the changes of cell composition, production of lipid peroxide, activities of antioxidant enzymes and eicosanoid synthesis compared to dietary LA.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2012

In analyzing pesticide residue, LLE (liquid liquid extraction) is generally applied as one of the existing methods, but needed quite a lot of organic solvents and analytical apparatuses for the sample pre-treatment. In addition to its long analysis time and complex analytical processes, it is required to develop a more rapid and efficient method at present. In order to establish an economic and simple pesticide residue analytical method, this study carried out a comparative experiment on the existing analytical method with a new sample pre-treatment method named QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), which extracts and refines pesticide components by directly adding solid powder into the sample. Both the two analytical methods showed favorable values of correlation coefficient ($R^2$ > 0.99) of calibration curves. In terms of the detection limit (identification limit), imidacloprid showed 0.02 mg/kg, while the rest of pesticides showed a level around 0.05 mg/kg. The results of this experiment revealed that the recovery of LLE was 92.8-100.9% and the RSD was below 2.5%. On the other hand, the recovery of QuEChERS was 92.2-101.6% and RSD was below 1.9%. As a result of comparing the amount of pesticide residue by the time between the two analytical methods by using Paired t-Test, there was no significant difference between the two analytical methods as the p-value ranged from 0.3148-0.9890. Considering the results of the two methods, the QuEChERS method had similar recovery, compared to the analytical method using the existing LLE, and the analytical time was shortened by about one fourth of that of the existing method. Moreover, since it excludes the use of harmful organic solvents like dichloromethane during the process of extraction, thus leading to protecting experimenters health and remarkably reducing the amount of disused solvents, it is judged as an echo-friendly and economic analytical method.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to confirm the epidemiologic change of the causative organisms of neonatal and pediatric bacterial meningitis in Korea. And we tried to evaluate the risk factors correlated with prognosis which was available on the day of admission. Methods : Retrospectively, we reviewed the medical records of 57 patients admitted for bacterial meningitis at six hospitals affiliated with Catholic Medical Center for 6 years(Jan. 2000~Dec. 2005). Results : 22 cases(38.6%) of them were neonates under 28 days and 35 cases were infants and children ; 16 cases(28.1%), under 1 year ; 6 cases(10.5%), under 5 years ; 13 cases (22.8%), under 15 years. In neonates, 16 cases(72.7%) were caused by group B streptococcus (GBS). In infants and children, S. pneumoniae(25.7%), H. influenzae type b(Hib)(22.8%) and N. meningitidis(22.8%) were common cause of bacterial meningitis in order. In the informations available on the day of admission, weight deficit for age under 3 percentile, increased CRP level and decreased glucose level of CSF were related to poor prognosis(P<0.05). Conclusion : GBS became a leading cause of neonatal bacterial meningitis. Though, pneumoccocal, Hib and meningococcal meningitis were confirmed as major causes of bacterial meningitis. The routine immunization of pneumococcal and Hib vaccines will be considered, and it is necessary to introduce meningococcal vaccines to our country in the future.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.130-140
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• 1989

1) Dormancy brocken weed seeds were planted in soil at 15 days interval from June to December in 1986 and 1987 and test of normality and normal distribution curve were made to determine seasonal distribution characteristics of weed emergence in fields. Monthly emergence distribution pattern of each species can be concluded as following normal distribution equations. E. crusgalli $y={\frac{1}{2.52{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-10.057)^2}{12.7}}}$ E. indica $y={\frac{1}{2.17{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.16)^2}{9.45}}}$ A. lividus $y={\frac{1}{7.74{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-10.06)^2}{15.46}}}$ S. nigrum $y={\frac{1}{2.7{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.695)^2}{14.58}}}$ C. busrsa-pastoris $y={\frac{1}{2.83{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.02)^2}{16.02}}}$ D. sanguinalis $y={\frac{1}{2.8{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-8.58)^2}{15.67}}}$ S. viridis $y={\frac{1}{2.72{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.36)^2}{14.8}}}$ C. album $y={\frac{1}{2.596{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-8.07)^2}{13.48}}}$ P. oleraeda $y={\frac{1}{2.45{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-10.83)^2}{12.01}}}$ 2) Emergence peak period of weed species tested were from the end of May to early August and yearly variation of emergence was observed in E. crus-galli, S. viridis, S, nigrum, and P. oleracea and this fact may more related to rainfall pattern rather than temperature.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2014

Purpose: To assess the surface profile of dentinal wall, dentin chips and smear layer during the canal shaping with rotary (ProTaper) and ProFile and reciprocating (WaveOne) nickel-titanium file. Materials and Methods: Sixty human extracted mandibular premolars and incisors with single canals were randomly selected. Three experimental groups (n = 20) were instrumented with ProTaper (F2), ProFile (25/.06), WaveOne (25/.08) with irrigation of 2.5% NaOCl. The dentin chips were collected from flute of file during each canal preparation. After canal preparation, roots were grinded and each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 10) for surface profile and smear layer of dentinal wall of shaped root canal. Each specimen was observed under scanning electron microscope for evaluating size of dentin chips, root canal surface recessions and smear layer. Scores of Smear layer were statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test at P = 0.05 level. Results: The size of dentin chips from ProFile, ProTaper and WaveOne was up to $7{\mu}m$, $6.5{\mu}m$, and$4{\mu}m$, respectively. In the surface profile, the width of surface irregularity was measured and Profile, ProTaper and WaveOne was up to $150{\mu}m$, $70{\mu}m$, and $80{\mu}m$, respectively. Completely cleaned root canals were not found. In the middle and apical third of the canals, WaveOne group showed higher smear layer score than ProFile and ProTaper groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Within limits of this study, reciprocating motion WaveOne group was not significant difference of shaping ability with the full-sequence ProFile and ProTaper systems except canal clearness of middle and apical third of root canal. When using WaveOne to shaping root canal, thorough root canal irrigation is recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.306-314
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between vegetarian diet and the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The subjects of the study were 127 Buddhist nuns (age: 23 ~79 yr) for vegetarians and 235 healthy female adults (age: 23 ~79 yr) for non-vegetarians. This study covers food consumption survey, anthropometric measurement, amount of energy expenditure, physical activity and clinical examination. Average body mass index (BMI) of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were 22.47 and 21.08, waist/hip ratio (WHR) was 0.85 and 0.84, percentage of body fat (%BF) was 28.79 and 26.55, respectively. Average duration of vegetarian diet of the vegetarians was 13.16 years. The triglyceride levee of the vegetarians was significantly lower for those who take nutrient tablet compared to those who either take vitamins or who do not take any nutrient supplement. Taking vitamins or nutrient tablet did not give any significant difference in total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol for vegetarians, while significantly high triglyceride was observed for the non-vegetarians taking nutrient tablet than the ether non-vegetarians. Taking vitamins or nutrient tablet did not affect the lever of HDL-cholesterol for either vegetarians or non-vegetarians. Athrogenic index (AI) was lower for the vegetarian group tailing nutrient tablet and for the non-vegetarian group not taking vitamins and nutrient tablet, than the other respective groups. Blood sugar of the vegetarians who take nutrient tablet was significantly lower than those tailing vitamins, while blood sugar of the non-vegetarians not taking any nutrient supplement was significantly lower than those taking nutrient tablet.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2014

The quality and antioxidative characteristics of drinks prepared with different mixing ratios of black garlic and Oenanthe javanica DC., BD-1 (black garlic only), BD-2 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=2:1), BD-3 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:1), and BD-4 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:2), were studied. The pH increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC. extract in all the tested drinks, but the sugar contents decreased. The total polyphenol contents of the drinks were 28.48 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-1), 41.91 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-2), 42.36 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-3), and 46.96 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-4). The SOD-like activity was highest for BD-4 (18.60%), followed by BD-3 (15.53%), BD-2 (12.53%), and BD-1 (10.27%). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was highest for BD-4 (52.51%), followed by BD-3 (45.70%), BD-2 (39.44%), and BD-1 (28.72%). The ferrous ion chelating activity increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC extract, and BD-4 showed the best activities among all the tested drinks. The water-soluble vitamin content (vitamins B1, B2, B6, and C) of BD-4 (1197.77 ${\mu}g/mL$) was higher than those of the other drinks (BD-1, 213.02 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-2, 477.87 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-3, 914.72 ${\mu}g/mL$), and the vitamin C (806.21 ${\mu}g/mL$) content of the water-soluble vitamins at BD-4 was higher than those of vitamins B1 (68.04 ${\mu}g/mL$), B2 (312.51 ${\mu}g/mL$), and B6 (11.01 ${\mu}g/mL$). BD-4 showed the best score in the sensory evaluations, such as in the evaluation of the color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.293-299
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• 2005

To determine optimal fermentation period of vegetables mixed with black sugar without innoculation of microorganisms, changes in chemical components, quality characteristics of the fermented broth and physiological functionality during the fermentation period were investigated, pH and $^{\circ}BX$ of the fermented broths were decreased gradually during the fermentation period. Except for radish, L and a color values of fermented broths were increased but b values were decreased during fermentation period. Viscosity of fermented broths of vegetables were decreased after 3 months of fermentation. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activity in fermentation broth of brocolli, eggplant, cabbage, chicory, aralia, radish were increased to 460, 430, 180, 420, 560, 260 after six months fermentation period. In radish and tomato fermentation broth, invertase activity were increased to 200 and 460 units and cellulase activity were increased to 280 and 140 after six months fermentation period. The content of total phenolic compounds and electron donating ability were the highest after 2 to 4 months fermentation period and decreased thereafter. No significant level of tyrosinase inhibitory activity and SOD-like activity were observed. In the sensory evaluation test of aralia fermentation broth of droop, sweet and sour flavor and bitter, astringent taste were decreased during the fermentation period and droop tastes were highest in 3 months. In radish fermentation broth, radish flavor and pungent taste were decreased and sweet taste was increased during fermentation period. Acceptability in overall was the greatest after three months. Based on the results stated above, optimal fermentation period was appropriated 3 or 4 months.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.120-130
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• 1999

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of double-phase Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with hyper-parathyroidism. We also evaluated the relationship between Tc-99m MIBI uptake and oxyphil cell contents in parathyroid glands. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 28 parathyroid glands of 10 patients who underwent Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy and parathyroidectomy for clinically suspected hyper-parathyroidism. Early and delayed pinhole images were obtained at 15 minutes and 2 hours after injection of Tc-99m MIBI, and SPECT images were followed. The weight and oxyphil cell contents of parathyroid tissue were obtained from pathologic specimen, and the scintigraphic findings were compared with histopathology. Results: In surgical histopathology, 6 parathyroid adenomas and 9 parathyroid hyperplasias were confirmed. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of early and delayed images were 46.7% (7/15), 76.9% (10/13), 70% (7/10) and 66.7% (10/15), 92.3% (12/13), 90.9% (10/11), respectively. SPECT image detected an additional small hyperplasia.. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of combined interpretation of early and delayed images with SPECT were 73.3% (11/15), 100% (13/13), 100% (11/11). The sensitivity was 100% (6/6) for adenoma, whereas that was 55.5% (5/9) for hyperplasia. Both adenomas and hyperplasias showed significantly increased oxyphil cell contents compared with normal parathyroid glands (p<0.0001), but the oxyphil cell content and weight were not significantly different between adenomas and hyperplasias. Conclusion: Double-phase Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy with SPECT is useful for lesion localization in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Although both adenoma and hyperplasia have increased oxyphil cell content, the sensitivity is high in adenoma, but low in hyperplasia.