• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 1994

This study was undertaken to clarify the effect of killing methods on the morphological and histological changes of plaice, Paralichthys olivaceus muscle at early stage after killing. Killed samples by the three different methods were stored at $5^{\circ}$, and the changes in breaking strength of muscle, morphological observation of myofibrils and histological observation of extracellular spaces through storage were monitored. Samples killed by electrifying in sea water showed the maximum value of breakin strength immediately after killing and then it dropped significantly(p<0.05) until 2.5hrs passed. Breaking strength of samples killed by spiking at the head instantly and dipping in sea water including anesthetic rose steadily over 10hrs and 15hrs after killing, respectively. In myofibrills prepared from dorsal muscles immediately after spiking at the head instantly, A-band, H-band, I-band, and Z-line in sarcomere were clearly distinguishable each other. Due to muscle contraction by electrical stimulation, it was impossible to distinguish H-band from I-band observed in sarcomere immediately after killing for samples killed by electrifying. But, in the cases of samples killed by spiking and dipping, H-band could be observed dimly until 10hrs and 15hrs storage. No extracellular space was observed among muscle cells immediately after spiking at the head instantly. Samples killed by spiking at the head instantly and dipping in sea water including anesthetic showed extracellular spaces among all muscle cells after 15hrs and 25hrs storage, respectively. The other hand, samples killed by electrifying in sea water (110V, 30sec.) showed a few extracellular spaces immediately after killing and then it showed extracellular spaces among all muscle cells after 2.5hrs storage.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2002

Seasonal quantitative van Veen grab sampling was conducted to characterize the composition and structure of the benthic polychaete community inhabiting the shellfish farming ground of a coastal bay system of Jiniu Bay (Korea). A total of 132 polychaete species were identified and the polychaetes accounted for about $80\%$ of overall abundance of benthic animals. There was little significant seasonal difference in densities (abundances) of polychaetes, Maximum biomass was obseued in summer (August) and minimum value was recorded in winter (February) and spring (May). Conversely, diversity and richness were lowest in summer, indicating a seasonal variability in the polychaetous community structure, The cluster analysis indicated that such a seasonal variability resulted mainly from the appearance of a few small, r-selected opportunists in spring and the tubiculous species of the family Maldanidae in summer. On the other hand, several indicator species for the organically enriched environments such as Capitelia capitata, Notoniashs Jatericeus and hmbrineris sp. showed high densities during all the study period. Density and biomass of univariate measures of community structure were significantly lower in the arkshell-farming ground of the southern area than in the non-farming sites of the bay, A similar general tendency was also found in the spatial distributions of species diversity and richness. Principal component analysis revealed the existence of different groups of benthic assemblages between the arkshell-farming ground and non-farming sites, The lack of colonization of r-selected opportunists and/or tubiculous species in the former ground seemed to contribute to the spatial differences in the composition and structure of the polychaetous communities. Although finer granulometric composition and high sulfide concentration in sediments of the arkshell-farming ground and low salinity in the northern area were likely to account for parts of the differences, other environmental variables observed were unlikely. The spatial distribution of polychaetes in Jiniu Bay may be rather closely related to the sedimentary disturbance by selection of shells for harvesting in spring.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.43-57
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• 2012

To enhance the competitive advantage in a constantly changing business environment, an enterprise management must make the right decision in many business activities based on both internal and external information. Thus, providing accurate information plays a prominent role in management's decision making. Intuitively, historical data can provide a feasible estimate through the forecasting models. Therefore, if the service department can estimate the service quantity for the next period, the service department can then effectively control the inventory of service related resources such as human, parts, and other facilities. In addition, the production department can make load map for improving its product quality. Therefore, obtaining an accurate service forecast most likely appears to be critical to manufacturing companies. Numerous investigations addressing this problem have generally employed statistical methods, such as regression or autoregressive and moving average simulation. However, these methods are only efficient for data with are seasonal or cyclical. If the data are influenced by the special characteristics of product, they are not feasible. In our research, we propose a forecasting framework that predicts service demand of manufacturing organization by combining Case-based reasoning (CBR) and leveraging an unsupervised artificial neural network based clustering analysis (i.e., Self-Organizing Maps; SOM). We believe that this is one of the first attempts at applying unsupervised artificial neural network-based machine-learning techniques in the service forecasting domain. Our proposed approach has several appealing features : (1) We applied CBR and SOM in a new forecasting domain such as service demand forecasting. (2) We proposed our combined approach between CBR and SOM in order to overcome limitations of traditional statistical forecasting methods and We have developed a service forecasting tool based on the proposed approach using an unsupervised artificial neural network and Case-based reasoning. In this research, we conducted an empirical study on a real digital TV manufacturer (i.e., Company A). In addition, we have empirically evaluated the proposed approach and tool using real sales and service related data from digital TV manufacturer. In our empirical experiments, we intend to explore the performance of our proposed service forecasting framework when compared to the performances predicted by other two service forecasting methods; one is traditional CBR based forecasting model and the other is the existing service forecasting model used by Company A. We ran each service forecasting 144 times; each time, input data were randomly sampled for each service forecasting framework. To evaluate accuracy of forecasting results, we used Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) as primary performance measure in our experiments. We conducted one-way ANOVA test with the 144 measurements of MAPE for three different service forecasting approaches. For example, the F-ratio of MAPE for three different service forecasting approaches is 67.25 and the p-value is 0.000. This means that the difference between the MAPE of the three different service forecasting approaches is significant at the level of 0.000. Since there is a significant difference among the different service forecasting approaches, we conducted Tukey's HSD post hoc test to determine exactly which means of MAPE are significantly different from which other ones. In terms of MAPE, Tukey's HSD post hoc test grouped the three different service forecasting approaches into three different subsets in the following order: our proposed approach > traditional CBR-based service forecasting approach > the existing forecasting approach used by Company A. Consequently, our empirical experiments show that our proposed approach outperformed the traditional CBR based forecasting model and the existing service forecasting model used by Company A. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides some research background information such as summary of CBR and SOM. Section 3 presents a hybrid service forecasting framework based on Case-based Reasoning and Self-Organizing Maps, while the empirical evaluation results are summarized in Section 4. Conclusion and future research directions are finally discussed in Section 5.

• Strategy21
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• s.30
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• pp.99-142
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• 2012

Withe increased North Korea's security threats, the South Korean navy has been faced with deteriorating security environment. While North Korea has increased asymmetric forces in the maritime and underwater with the development of nuclear weapons, and China and Japan have made a large investment in the buildup of naval forces, the power of the Pacific fleet of the US, a key ally is expected to be weakened. The biggest threat comes from China's intervention in case of full-scale war with North Korea, but low-density conflict issues are also serious problems. North Korea has violated the Armistice Agreement 2,660 times since the end of Korean War, among which the number of marine provocations reaches 1,430 times, and the tension over the NLL issue has been intensifying. With tension mounting between Korea and Japan over the Dokdo issue and conflict escalating with China over Ieo do Islet, the US Navy has confronted situation where it cannot fully concentrate on the security of the Korean peninsula, which leads to need for strengthening of South Korea's naval forces. Let's look at naval forces of neighboring countries. North Korea is threatening South Korean navy with its increased asymmetric forces, including submarines. China has achieved the remarkable development of naval forces since the promotion of 3-step plan to strengthen naval power from 1989, and it now retains highly modernized naval forces. Japan makes an investment in the construction of stat of the art warship every year. Since Japan's warship boasts of its advanced performance, Japan's Maritime Self Defense Force is evaluated the second most powerful behind the US Navy on the assumption that submarine power is not included in the naval forces. In this situation, naval power construction of South Korean navy should be done in phases, focusing on the followings; First, military strength to repel the energy warship quickly without any damage in case of battle with North Korea needs to be secured. Second, it is necessary to develop abilities to discourage the use of nuclear weapons of North Korea and attack its nuclear facilities in case of emergency. Third, construction of military power to suppress armed provocations from China and Japan is required. Based on the above naval power construction methods, the direction of power construction is suggested as follows. The sea fleet needs to build up its war potential to defeat the naval forces of North Korea quickly and participate in anti-submarine operations in response to North Korea's provocations. The task fleet should be composed of 3 task flotilla and retain the power to support the sea fleet and suppress the occurrence of maritime disputes with neighboring countries. In addition, it is necessary to expand submarine power, a high value power asset in preparation for establishment of submarine headquarters in 2015, develop anti-submarine helicopter and load SLAM-ER missile onto P-3C patrol aircraft. In case of maine corps, division class military force should be able to conduct landing operations. It takes more than 10 years to construct a new warship. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish plans for naval power construction carefully in consideration of reality and future. For the naval forces to safeguard maritime sovereignty and contribute to national security, the acquisition of a huge budget and buildup of military power is required. In this regard, enhancement of naval power can be achieved only through national, political and military understanding and agreement. It is necessary to let the nation know that modern naval forces with improved weapon system can serve as comprehensive armed forces to secure the command of the sea, perform defense of territory and territorial sky and attack the enemy's strategic facilities and budget inputted in the naval forces is the essential source for early end of the war and minimization of damage to the people. If the naval power construction is not realized, we can be faced with a national disgrace of usurpation of national sovereignty of 100 years ago. Accordingly, the strengthening of naval forces must be realized.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.889-898
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• 1996

This study estimated the re!ation between psychological stress and stress hormones, nu­t tritional status of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM). Psycho­l logical stress such as depr'ession and anxiety in 34 diabetics was analyzedin relation to nutrient intake, blood components such as fasting blood sugar(FBS), hemoglobin AIC, stress hormones a and amino acids. The IeveIs of depression and anxiety were measured by The center for ep­i idemiological studies-depc$pm$111.49pg/ml for total catecholamine ( (norepmephrine and epinephrine) and 233.95 $pm$73.99pg/ml for norepinephrine, 94.03$pm$75. 9 97pg/ml for epinephrine, 13.lS$pm$5.55pl/dl for cortisol and 171.50$pm$62.50pg/ml for gul c cagon respectlveIy. The leveIs of stress hormones in diabetics such as total catecholamine, norep­i mephrine cortisol and glucagon were significantly higher than those in normal control. The lev­el of epmephrine was higher in diabetics but the diffierenee was not significant. The calorie m t take in diabetics was 1762$pm$292keal which is S1.4% lower than Korean recommended dietary a allowances(RDA). Calcium intake was slightly low but other nutrients intakeswere higher than R RDA. The value of fasting blood sugar(FBS), usual fasting blood sugar(usual FBS) which refteet a average FBS during 3 months and hemoglobin Al C in diabetics was 1S4.1S$pm$74.22mg/dl, 177.76$pm$42.77mg/dl and S.S4$pm$2.S2% respec디VeIy. The distribution of plasma amino acids in d diabetics was generally in the normal range. The leveI of anxiety in diabetics was positively cor­related with norepinephrine, concentration and usual FBS. The levels of glucagon, usual FBS a and hemoglobin Aj C were pOSI디veIy correlated with the branched chaimamino acid(BCM : leucme, isoleucme and valine)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 1997

By the increase of the rate of existence of the hemodialyzing patients, they were required the long run treatment. Regardless of medical insurance expansion, hemodialyzing cost much expenses so that hospital has been considering the reuse of hemodialyzer and flowing euqipments along with the diverse study and progress of the ways of hemodialyzing and medical instruments. This study was aimed to provide the basic materials regarding the reuse of hemodialyzer which is used for the patients of chronic renal disease. The reusing program in the artificial kidney center of K hospital has been used for this study from 50 patients aften one year result from Sep. 1995 through Aug. 1996. Automatic equipment of DRS-4 made by Seratronic Co., was used as the equipment and it was retreated with the function test simultaneously. Compliaction and confirmation of the infection were by the records of the hemodialysis of the patients. SPSS was used for the analysis of the materials by computerization. The character of the patients and the rate of removal was by mistake and percentage, function test and rate of complication by Ftest(ANOVA) and the rate of complication per items by ${\chi}^2$ and Ftest. As the post test the Duncan's test was used for the statistically significant different variables in the standard of p<.05 after Ftest. The followings are the summary of the result : 1) In the function test of the new hemodialyzer and the reused one, and in all of CA110 and CF15.11, the dialyzer ultrafiltration coeffient(KUf) was appeared to have been higher in the reusing groups than the first use ones. This has been the normal limit showing no troubles with them. 2) In the function test of the new and reused hemodialyzer, in all of CA110 and CF15.11, the total blood volume was appeared to have been the less value in the reuse groups than the new ones. This was the price within 80% of the first price that both showed possible for use. 3) The result of reuse hemodialyzer of CA110 was $29.48{\pm}7.83$ in average in the test of leak test while $17.3{\pm}7.96$ in reuse of CF15.11. The normal limit of <60 was the leak test result. So both of the hemodialyzer was normal for reuse. 4) The rate of removal of Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN) was 72.25% in CA110 hemodialyzer by reusing 16-20 times as the highest rate showing the better result in the reuse hemodialyzer, while in CF15.11 hemodialyzer showed 71.16% by highest rate in the first use by the highest rate with no difference from the reuse. 5) The rate of removal of serum creatinine of CA110 was 64.08% by highest rate in reuse of 1-5 times by showing better result in reuse hemodialyzer. While in CF15.11 66.47% the highest by reuse of 16-20 times showing no difference from each other. 6) No patients were admitted or precribed by antibiotics in relation with reuse dialyzer and no reports were shown about hepatitis $B{\cdot}C$. AIDS in fection. 7) Of the total 248 episods of complication due to the hemodialyzing, 86 by first use, 73 by 1-5 times, 35 by 6-10 times, 35 by 11-15 times and 19 by 16-20 times have been shown which have had no significant difference between the groups. 8) In the comparison of the expense for the hemodialyzer, there was the effect of saving 11,597.6 Won between the first and reuse hemodialyzer. And by decreasing the extracted materials, they did the great role of disposing the waste matters.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2000

Objectives: The sensitivity and accuracy of thermistor airflow signal has been debated. The purposes of this study were to compare apnea-hypopnea index(AHI) detected from a conventional thermistor signal and a nasal pressure transducer of airflow(NPT), to evaluate the value of NPT for the diagnosis of upper airway resistance syndrome(UARS), and to measure airway pressure fluctuations which produced respiratory arousals in UARS by naso-oro-esophageal manometer catheter. The subjects were 30 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [mild(540), 10), and 6 UARS patients. Airway resistance arousal in this study was defined as arousals which were not associated with apnea or hypopnea of thermistor signal, but showed significant decrease of nasal airflow pressure just before arousal and a prompt recovery of nasal airflow pressure after arousal. The airway pressure fluctuations were measured during 260 airway resistance arousals observed in 10 patients with OSAS, 2 with UARS. Results: Mean AHIs of patients with OSAS were 33.4 by thermistor and 48.4 by NPT. The AHIs of mild, moderate and severe OSAS groups were 10.2, 32.1, 65.4 respectively by thermistor and 23.1, 45.9, 76.4 by NPT. The mean AHI of patients with UARS was 3.2 by thermistor and 10.8 by NPT. The mean AHI of patients with nonspecific arousals was 2.7 by thermistor and 4.4 by NPT. The mean airway pressure changes during respiratory arousals of different groups were $8.7\;cmH_2O$ in mild OSAS, $11.4\;cmH_2O$ in moderate OSAS, $24.7\;cmH_2O$ in severe OSAS and $6.6\;cmH_2O$ in UARS. Conclusion: The nasal pressure transducer of airflow was more sensitive and accurate for assessing respiratory disturbances of patients with OSAS and was extremely helpful for the diagnosis of UARS without esophageal pressure monitoring. From the results, we would like to propose carefully the NPT diagnostic criteria for sleep disordered breathing as follows: NPT-AHI 5-15 $\rightarrow$ UARS, 15-35 $\rightarrow$ mild OSAS, 35-55 $\rightarrow$ moderate OSAS and >55 $\rightarrow$ severe OSAS.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1969

Forest area in Korea ocupies as much as 68 percent of the total land area, but forest production figure in the statistics is rather trifling: that is about 2 percent of Gross National Production (G.N.P.), on the average. In view of the primary industrial sector, its production only weighs no more than 5 percent of this whole sector. Forest production written above refers only to direct forest income of the whole forest income. For the primary forest products they are in many cases used as raw materials for other interrelated industries. The added value there-from, which arises from round about production Process, in other word, indirect income is of most singnificance. Nevertheless, until nowadays forest production has been merely refered to timber production i, e, direct production but indirect income has never been looked upon. In this regard, calculated indirect forest income by means of input ratio method. The material used were Leontiefls tables of two 1963 and 1966 fiscal years, surveyed and analysed by The Bank of Korea. Indirect forest income calculated were 42,688,200,000 won in 1963 and 74,789,800,000 won in 1966 compared direct forest income of 14,361,000,000 won in 1963 and 17,709,000,000 won in 1966. So far as indirect forest income is considered total forest production indices composed of direct and indirect forest income amount to 8.23% in 1963 and 10.12% in 1966 of Gross National Production. Invisuable forest income which originates from, what we cal, indirect benefit of forestry such as land conservation, flood and drought control, soil run off control, scenic beauty and many others is naturall, not included in the calculation. As already mentioned, primary forest products are, for the most part, utilized as raw materials for other industries, therefore indirect forest income is rather appreciable than direct forest income, contributing for the growth and development of other connected industries. In these points of view, forestry must not be evaluated trifling in deciding industrial importances.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 2016

This study investigated the quality characteristics of factory-style ssamjang (FSS) and commercial handmade-style ssamjang (HSS) products. Moisture, crude protein, and crude fat contents were significantly higher in the HSS groups (49.37~62.12%, 9.39~13.46%, and 4.40~8.35%) than the FSS groups (41.94~45.83%, 7.50~9.09%, and 1.81~3.36%). Salt content was higher in the HSS groups (6.33~11.18%) than the FSS groups (6.10~7.57%). Moreover, the average salt content (7.51%) of the HSS groups and the FSS groups was lower than that of commercial ssamjang (8.73%). Hunter's color value was also significantly higher in the FSS groups. However, free sugar, organic acid, and free amino acids contents varied greatly between the FSS groups and the HSS groups, which was likely due to the different manufacturing method, ripening degree of doenjang and the main material used for ssamjang.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain difference in fracture strength according to the diameter of one-body O-ring-type of mini implant fixture, to determine the resistance of mini implant to masticatory pressure, and to examine whether overdenture using O-ring type mini implant is clinically usable to maxillary and mandibular edentulous patients. Materials and methods: For this study, 13 mm long one body O-ring-type mini implants of different diameters (2.0 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm) (Dentis, Daegu, Korea) were prepared, 5 for each diameter. The sample was placed at $30^{\circ}$ from the horizontal surface on the universal testing machine, and off-axis loading was applied until permanent deformation occurred and the load was taken as maximum compressive strength. The mean value of the 5 samples was calculated, and the compressive strength of implant fixture was compared according to diameter. In addition, we prepared 3 samples for each diameter, and applied loading equal to 80%, 60% and 40% of the compressive strength until fracture occurred. Then, we measured the cycle number on fracture and analyzed fatigue fracture for each diameter. Additionally, we measured the cycle number on fracture that occurred when a load of 43 N, which is the average masticatory force of complete denture, was applied. The difference on compressive strength between each group was tested statistically using one-way ANOVA test. Results: Compressive strength according to the diameter of mini implant was $101.5{\pm}14.6N$, $149{\pm}6.1N$ and $276.0{\pm}13.4N$, respectively, for diameters 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm. In the results of fatigue fracture test at 43 N, fracture did not occur until $2{\times}10^6$ cycles at diameter 2.0 mm, and until $5{\times}10^6$ cycles at 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm. Conclusion: Compressive strength increased significantly with increasing diameter of mini implant. In the results of fatigue fracture test conducted under the average masticatory force of complete denture, fracture did not occur at any of the three diameters. All of the three diameters are usable for supporting overdenture in maxillary and mandibular edentulous patients, but considering that the highest masticatory force of complete denture is 157 N, caution should be used in case diameter 2.0 mm or 2.5 mm is used.