• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2003

To evaluate the influence of hepatic oxygen free radical systems on liver injury by topical p-phenylenediamine (PPD) application on rat skin, PPD (25 mg/16.5 $\textrm{cm}^2$) was topically applied to the abdominal region 5 times every other day and sacrificed. By PPD treatment, increasing rate of liver weight/body weight (%), serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreasing rate of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity were higher in the rats fed tungstate supplemented diet than those fed a standard diet. These findings indicate that group fed tungstate supplemented diet have more severe liver injury compared with group fed standard diet on topical PPD application. However, the activities of oxygen free radical generating enzymes such as xanthine oxidase (XO) and cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase and those of oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes were not found to be different between these two animal groups. In the present study, a novel monitoring method to detect the generating of oxygen free radicals in liver extract was devised. Throughout this method, the oxidized PPD produced by oxygen free radicals was determined colorimetrically. The increasing rate of PPD oxidation by liver homogenate was higher in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. Among the fractionations of liver extract, the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions in the liver extract of tungstate fed animals led to a higher availability of PPD oxidation by PPD treatment compared with standard diet fed ones. In conclusion, these results suggest that an enhanced liver injury in tungstate fed animals treated with PPD may be due to oxygen free radicals produced in other systems except oxygen free radicals generating from cytosolic XO system. Especially, oxidative availability by PPD can be used for oxygen free radical detection in some tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.885-890
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• 1994

Kinetics of electrochemical polymerization of aniline on a tungsten electrode in acidic aqueous solution was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and kinetic measurements of anodic oxidation. Aniline molecule appeared to be intially oxidized via two-electron transfer to produce oxidized deprotonated aniline ion, which subsequently undergoes nucleophilic attack to the parent aniline and results in head to tail coupling to yield a dimerized species. But, being contrary to the case of Pt electrode, the propagation of polymerization occured through attack of the monomer by the oxidized aniline monomer to polymer. The growth rate of polyaniline was slow in comparison with the growth on Pt electrode. The degradation products were confirmed to be not p-benzoquinone(BQ) but p-phenylenediamine(p-PDA) by spectrophotometry, which agrees with the fact that oxidation of p-PDA was not observed below 1.0 V.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1330-1335
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• 2005

Red brownish p-pheylenediamine (PPD) has been widely used hair dye for women. The dye was known to cause systemic anaphylaxis, dermatitis and bladder cancer. But the effect of PPD toxicity with oxygen free radical has not been studied. This study investigated the degree of skin injury by PPD. PPD ($2.5\%$ PPD in $2\%\;NH_{4}OH$) was applied to the rat skin ($25 mg/16.5\;cm^2$) 3 or 5 times every other day. Histopathological findings demonstrated the proliferation of epithelial cells and the increased keratinization by PPD. The activities of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) was decreased and acid phosphatase (ACP) was increased in PPD-applied rat skin. Groups in which PPD was applied 5 times were more damaged than groups applied 3 times. To examine the relationship between tissue damage and oxygen free radicals, effect of PPD on xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was measured and XO activity was more significantly increased in the group treated with PPD 5 times than 3 times. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and the activities of catalase (CAT), super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S -transferase (GST) were more decreased in PPD-applied groups than in controls. Even though the activities of XOD was not changed in the group treated with PPD 3 times, the decreased activities of oxygen free radical system and the damaged skin tissue were observed. This result might be caused by the production of toxic PPD metabolites in rat skin. In conclusion, topical PPD application led to skin injury in a dose-dependent manner, probably due to the generation rate of oxygen free radical.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.562-567
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• 1994

Now para-phenylenediamine(PPDA) is generally used as component of most hairdyes because it can be used more conveniently and effectively than the others. But PPDA become known to cause side effects such as skin sensitization, contact dermatitis and eye irritation. So this study was done to restudy the safety of hairdyes containing PPDA. The results of experiment were as follows. 1. As a result of primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in white rabbits, the solution containing 5% PPDA(in saline) were classified as weak irritant but four kinds of commercial hairdyes containing PPDA were proved not to have any irritation. 2. As a result of skin sensitization test in guinea pig, four kinds of commercial hairdyes were classified as Calss I(week irritant) but three kinds of commercial hairdyes induced skin sensitization for guinea pig to 5% in test groups. These results indicate that the actual toxicity of commercial hairdyes(four kinds) is negligible. But based on the results of experiment, it is thought that there is possibility of some commercial hairdyes to induce skin sensititization.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.506-514
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• 1987

Peroxidase was purified to a homogeneous state from Castanea Semen by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration on sephadex G-100 and HPLC, and the purification fold was 65.3. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 35,000 by HPLC. In properties of the enzyme which was purified up to sephadex G-100 column chromatography, the optimum pH and temperature were 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. By heating the enzyme at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1.73 min., the enzyme activity was decreased to 10%. The enzyme was active toward aromatic amines such as o-phenylenediamine and p-phenylendiamine. Kinetic studies indicated a Km of 2.6mM for o-phenylenediamine at an optimal hydrogen-peroxide concentration and a Km of 10mM for hydrogenperoxide at an optimal o-phenylenediamine concentration. Among the reagents tested, L-ascorbic acid and sodium L-ascorbate inhibited significantly the enzyme, while $Ca^{++}$ and $Ba^{++}$ activated the enzyme at the concentration of 1mM and 5mM.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.312-316
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• 2000

Effects of various nitrogenous compounds on the peroxidative activity of Korean radish (Rophanus sativus L.) isoperoxidase $A_1$ were examined by using anilino substrates, such as dianisidine and phenylenediamine. We also used phenolic substrates such as guaiacol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and esculetin. The peroxidation of dianisidine was stimulated by adenine and imidazole as much as 5 fold and 11 fold, respectively at pH 8. Moreover, about 4.8 fold and 8 fold stimulation of phenylenediamine peroxidation occurred by adenine and imidazole, respectively at pH 8. The stimulation by adenine and imidazole did not occur at the acidic pH range. The peroxidations of phenolic substrates, such as guaiacol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and esculetin, were not boosted greatly by any of the nitrogenous compounds tested. Notably, ammonium salt, which has been known for the excellent booster of horseradish peroxidase, did not affect the peroxidation of the Korean radish isoperoxidase $A_1$. The kinetic studies of dianisidine peroxidation with imidazole, as a model of boosting reaction, showed that neither the affinity of imidazole against dianisidine, nor the activation energy of dianisidine peroxidation changed during the activity boosting of isoperoxidase $A_1$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.638-643
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• 2011

The synthesis of biologically active 1H-1,4-diazepines 4a-d and 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines 5a-d in good yields, from the heterocyclization reaction of 2-(4-methylthio benzenesulfonyl)-1,3-dimethyl/1-methyl-3-phenyl/1,3-diphenyl/1-methyl-3-ethoxy propane-1,3-dione 3a-d with ethylenediamine (EDA) and o-phenylenediamine (o-PDA), respectively, in the presence of silica sulfuric acid (SSA) is described. The novel ${\beta}$-diketones/${\beta}$-ketoesters 3a-d were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 4-methylthiobenzenesulfonyl chloride 1 with various ${\beta}$-diketones/${\beta}$-ketoesters 2a-d. All structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The compounds 4a-d and 5a-d have been screened for antimicrobial, antifungal and anthelmintic activity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2000

Macroacyclic transition metal complexes such as $Cu(H_2L[A]).H_2O$, $Cu(H_2L[B]).H_2O$, CuFe(L[A]($NO_3$).$4H_2O$, CuFe(L[B])($NO_3$).$4H_2O$, [$CuGd(H_2L[A])(NO_3)_2](NO_3).2CH_3OH$, [CuGd($H_2L$[B])($NO_3)_2$]($NO_3).2CH_3OH were prepared from the corresponding hexadentate compartmental ligands, $H_4L[A]$ and $H_4L[B]$, which were obtained by the condensation of 2-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethy1-5-methyIbenzaldehyde(HHNNB) and ethylenediamine or l,3-diaminopropane. Ln-macrocyclic([20]DOTA) complexes,[Ln([20]DOTA)($NO_3)(H_2O)$]($NO_3$)2.$xH_2O${Ln(III)=Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, which had been synthesized from 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol(DFPC), was placed in methanol for 2 days, and [Ln([20] DOTA)($NO_3)(CH_3OH)]^{2+}$ was formed The equilibrium constants (k) for the substitution of coordinated $CH_3OH$ in the Ln-[20]DOTA complexes by various bidentate auxiliary ligands, $L_a$(=o-phenylenediamine,1,10-phenanthroline, ethylenediamine,oxalicacid, malonic acid, acethylacetone) were determined by spectroscopic method at $25^{\circ}C$ and 0.1M $NaClO_4$.The pKa of auxiliary ligands is in the order of o-phenylenediamine < 1,10-phenanthroline < ethylene-diamine, oxalic acid < malonic acid < acethylacetone. However, the equilibrium constant(K) has shown thetrend of ethyleneiamine < 1,10-phenanthroline < o-phenylenediamine, acethylacetone < malonic acid < oxalic acid.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.392-397
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• 1995

o-Phenylenediamine (o-PD) was electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrodes under a potential cycling condition. The resulting polymer films mediated electrons for the reduction of molecular oxygen at pH=1.0. It was found from the RDE, RRDE, and cyclic voltammetry experiments that the modified electrodes reduce oxygen to hydrogen peroxide at about 300 mV lower potential than the bare glassy carbon electrode. The polymer film consisted of more than two components. Among those, only one component was active in oxygen reduction, which was formed mainly in the earlier stage of the electropolymerization. 2,3-Diaminophenazine, a cyclic dimer of o-PD, was also active in the oxygen reduction reaction, from which it was suggested that the active polymeric component has a structural unit similar to the cyclic dimer. Finally, the electropolymerization mechanism for the formation of the active and inactive components has been proposed.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the effects of oxidative permanent hair coloring agents on the dyeability and the damage of human hair. p-phenylenediamine and toluene-2.5-diamine sulfate were used as a hair coloring agent precursers. The degree of dyeability was checked by the change of CIELAB $L^*$ value according to dyeing time. And the damage of hair was evaluated by the tensile strength and morphological change of hair in SEM. When the hair was dyed, the CIELAB $L^*$ value was decreased with dyeing time regardless of the type of precursers. But when the hair was dyed after nutritional treatment, the CIELAB $L^*$ value showed lower level. This means that the nutritional treatment covers the scale of hair and protects the hair from the chemicals.