• 제목/요약/키워드: p-N

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Novel Activation by Electrochemical Potentiostatic Method

  • 이학형;이준기;정동렬;권광우;김익현
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국재료학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.29.1-29.1
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    • 2009
  • Fabrication of good quality P-type GaN remained as a challenge for many years which hindered the III-V nitrides from yielding visible light emitting devices. Firstly Amano et al succeeded in obtaining P-type GaN films using Mg doping and post Low Energy Electron Beam Irradiation (LEEBI) treatment. However only few region of the P-GaN was activated by LEEBI treatment. Later Nakamura et al succeeded in producing good quality P-GaN by thermal annealing method in which the as deposited P-GaN samples were annealed in N2 ambient at temperatures above $600^{\circ}C$. The carrier concentration of N type and P-type GaN differs by one order which have a major effect in AlGaN based deep UV-LED fabrication. So increasing the P-type GaN concentration becomes necessary. In this study we have proposed a novel method of activating P-type GaN by electrochemical potentiostatic method. Hydrogen bond in the Mg-H complexes of the P-type GaN is removed by electrochemical reaction using KOH solution as an electrolyte solution. Full structure LED sample grown by MOCVD serves as anode and platinum electrode serves as cathode. Experiments are performed by varying KOH concentration, process time and applied voltage. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis is performed to determine the hydrogen concentration in the P-GaN sample activated by annealing and electrochemical method. Results suggest that the hydrogen concentration is lesser in P-GaN sample activated by electrochemical method than conventional annealing method. The output power of the LED is also enhanced for full structure samples with electrochemical activated P-GaN. Thus we propose an efficient method for P-GaN activation by electrochemical reaction. 30% improvement in light output is obtained by electrochemical activation method.

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극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) n-ZnO/p-GaN 이종접합 발광 다이오드의 광전 특성 분석에 대한 연구

  • 최낙정;이재환;한상현;손효수;이성남
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.310-310
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    • 2014
  • ZnO박막은 넓은 밴드갭 (3.37 eV), 높은 여기 결합 에너지 (60 meV)를 가지는 육방정계 우르자이트(hexagonal wurtzite) 결정구조를 가지는 II-VI족 화합물 반도체로, 가시광선 영역에서의 높은 광학적 투과도 특성과 자외선 파장에서 발광이 가능한 장점을 가진다. 최근, ZnO박막 성장 기술이 상당히 발전하였지만, 아직까지도 p-형 ZnO박막 성장 기술은 충분히 발전하지 못하여 ZnO의 동종접합 LED는 아직 상용화되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 따라서, 많은 연구 그룹에서 p-GaN, p-SiC, p-diamond, p-Si 등과 같은 p-type 물질 위에 n-type ZnO를 성장시킨 이종접합 다이오드가 연구되고 있다. 특히, p-GaN의 경우 ZnO와의 격자 불일치 정도가 1.8 % 정도로 작다는 장점이 있어 많은 연구가 이루어 지고 있다. 일반적으로 c-축을 기반으로 한 극성ZnO 발광다이오드에서는 자발 분극과 압전 분극 현상에 의해 밴드 휨 현상이 발생하고, 이로 인해 전자와 정공의 공간적 분리가 발생하게 되어 발광 재결합 효율이 제한되고 있다는 문제가 발생한다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 극성 (0001) 및 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO/p-GaN 발광다이오드의 성장 및 발광 소자의 전기 및 광학적 특성에 대한 비교 연구를 진행하였다. 금속유기 화학증착법을 이용하여 c-면과 m-면 위에 각각 극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) GaN박막을 $2.0{\mu}m$ 성장시킨 후 Mg 도핑을 한 p-GaN을 $0.4{\mu}m$ 성장시켜 각각 극성 (0001) 및 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN템플릿을 준비하였다. 이후, N2분위기 $700^{\circ}C$에서 3분동안 열처리를 통하여 Mg 도펀트를 활성화시킨 후 원자층 증착법을 이용하여 동시에 극성 및 반극성 p-GaN의 위에 n-ZnO를 $0.11{\mu}m$ 성장시켜 이종접합구조의 발광소자를 형성하였다. 이때, 극성 (0001) p-GaN 위에는 극성의 n-ZnO 박막이 성장되는 반면, 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN 위에는 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO 박막이 성장됨을 HR-XRD로 확인하였다. 극성 (0001) n-ZnO/p-GaN이종접합 발광다이오드의 전계 발광 스펙트럼에서는 430 nm 와 550 nm의 두 피크가 동시에 관찰되었다. 430 nm 대역의 파장은 p-GaN의 깊은 준위에서 발광하는 것으로 판단되며, 550 nm 피크 영역은 ZnO의 깊은 준위에서 발광되는 것으로 판단된다. 특히, 10 mA 이하의 저전류 주입시 550 nm의 피크는 430 nm 영역보다 더 큰 발광세기를 나타내고 있다. 하지만, 10 mA 이상의 전류주입 하에서는 550 nm의 영역보다 430 nm의 발광세기가 더욱 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이것은 ZnO의 밴드갭이 3.37 eV로 GaN의 밴드갭인 3.4 eV다 작기 때문에 우선적으로 ZnO의 깊은 준위에서 발광하는 550 nm가 더욱 우세하지만, 지속적으로 전류주입 증가에 따른 캐리어 증가시 n-ZnO에서 p-GaN로 전자가 넘어가며 p-GaN의 깊은 준위인 430 nm에서의 피크가 우세해지는 것으로 판단된다. 반면에, 비극성 (10-10) n-ZnO/반극성 (11-22) p-GaN 구조의 이종접합 발광다이오드로 전계 발광 스펙트럼에서는 극성 (0001) n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 매우 낮은 전계 발광 세기를 나타내고 있다. 이는, 극성 n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 비극성 n-ZnO/반극성 p-GaN의 결정성이 상대적으로 낮기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한, 20 mA 영역에서도 510 nm의 깊은 준위와 430 nm의 발광이 관찰되었다. 동일한 20 mA하에서 두 피크의 발광세기를 비교하면 430 nm의 영역은 극성 n-ZnO/p-GaN에 비하여 매우 낮은 값을 나타내고 있다. 이는 반극성 (11-22) p-GaN의 경우 극성 (0001) p-GaN에 비하여 우수한 p-형 특성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.

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N,N-Dimethyl-N-Dodecyl-N-(2-methylbenzimidazoyl) Ammonium Chloride 미셀 용액속에서 p-Nitrophenyl Carboxylic Ester의 가수분해 (Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Carboxylic Ester in N,N-Dimethyl-N-dodecyl-N-(2-methylbenzimidazoyl) Ammonium Chloride Micellar Solution)

  • 김정배;김학윤
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.509-516
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    • 2008
  • New functional surfactant, N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl-N-(2-methyl benzimidazoyl) ammonium chloride(DDBAC) having benzimidazole(BI) functional group have been synthesized and the critical micellar concentration of DDBAC measured by surface tentiometry and electric conductivity method was $8.9{\times}10^{-4}M$. Micellar effects in DDBAC functional surfactant solution on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate(p-NPA), p-nitro-phenylpropionate(p-NPP) and p-nitrophenylvalerate(p-NPV) were observed with change of various pH (Tris-buffer). The pseudo first rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV in optimum concentration of DDBAC solution increase to about 160, 280 and 600 times, respectively, as compared with those of aqueous solution at pH 8.00(Tris-buffer). It is considered that benzimidazole functional moiety accelerates the reaction rates of hydrolysis because they act as nucleophile or general base. In optimum concentration of DDBAC solution, the rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPP and p-NPV increase to about 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively, as compared with that of p-NPA. It means that the more the carbon numbers of alkyl group of substrates, the larger the binding constants between DDBAC micelle and substrates are. To know the hydrolysis mechanism of p-NPCE(p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV), the deuterium kinetic isotope effects were measured in $D_2O$ solutions. Consequently the pseudo first order rate constant ratios in $H_2O$ and $D_2O$ solution, $k_{H_2O}/k_{D_2O}$, were about $2.8{\sim}3.0$ range. It means that the mechanism of hydrolysis were proceeded by nucleophile and general base attack in approximately same value.

Sidel'nikov 수열로부터 생성한 새로운 M-진 수열군 (A New M-ary Sequence Family Constructed From Sidel'nikov Sequences)

  • 김영식;정정수;노종선;정하봉
    • 한국통신학회논문지
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    • 제32권10C호
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    • pp.959-964
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    • 2007
  • 이 논문에서는 $M|p^n-1$를 만족하는 양의 정수 M과 소수 p에 대해서 주기가 $p^n-1$인 M-진 Sidel'nikov 수열을 사용해서 M-진 수열 군을 생성하였다. 이 수열군은 상관 값의 최대간이 $3\sqrt{p^{n}}+6$을 상한으로 갖고 수열군의 크기는 p=2일 때 $(M-1)^2(2^{n-1}-1)$+M-1 이거나 p가 홀수인 소수일 때는 $(M-1)^2(p^n-3)/2+M(M-1)/2$가 된다.

GENERALIZED EULER POWER SERIES

  • KIM, MIN-SOO
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • 제38권5_6호
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    • pp.591-600
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    • 2020
  • This work is a continuation of our investigations for p-adic analogue of the alternating form Dirichlet L-functions $$L_E(s,{\chi})={\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}}{\frac{(-1)^n{\chi}(n)}{n^s}},\;Re(s)>0$$. Let Lp,E(s, t; χ) be the p-adic Euler L-function of two variables. In this paper, for any α ∈ ℂp, |α|p ≤ 1, we give a power series expansion of Lp,E(s, t; χ) in terms of the variable t. From this, we derive a power series expansion of the generalized Euler polynomials with negative index, that is, we prove that $$E_{-n,{\chi}}(t)={\sum\limits_{m=0}^{\infty}}\(\array{-n\\m}\)E_{-(m+n),{\chi}^{t^m}},\;n{\in}{\mathbb{N}}$$, where t ∈ ℂp with |t|p < 1. Some further properties for Lp,E(s, t; χ) has also been shown.

New Species of the Genus Pseudanthessius from Tropical Waters (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Pseudanthessiidae)

  • Lee, Jimin;Kim, Il-Hoi
    • Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.287-321
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    • 2021
  • Nine new species of Pseudanthessius are described from tropical waters, five of which from the Philippines (P. boholensis n. sp., P. angustus n. sp., P. firmus n. sp., P. ardius n. sp., and P. lativentris n. sp.), two from Vietnam (P. remicaudatus n. sp. and P. nodosus n. sp.), and one each from Micronesia (P. kosraensis n. sp.) and the Thai coast of the Andaman Sea (P. fossulicolus n. sp.). Pseudanthessius dentatus Kim, 2000 which was known originally from the Korean coast of the Yellow Sea, and P. planus Kim, 2007 originally from the Moluccas, are rediscovered on the Thai coast of the Andaman Sea and the Philippines, respectively.

C:N:P stoichiometry of particulate and dissolved organic matter in river waters and changes during decomposition

  • Islam, Mohammad Jahidul;Jang, Changwon;Eum, Jaesung;Jung, Sung-min;Shin, Myoung-Sun;Lee, Yunkyoung;Choi, Youngsoon;Kim, Bomchul
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제43권1호
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    • pp.14-21
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    • 2019
  • Background: Stoichiometry plays an important role in understanding nutrient composition and cycling processes in aquatic ecosystems. Previous studies have considered C:N:P ratios constant for both DOM (dissolved organic matter) and POM (particulate organic matter). In this study, water samples were collected in the six major rivers in Korea and were incubated for 20 days. C:N:P ratios were determined during the time course of the incubations. This allowed us to examine the changes in N and P contents of organic matter during decomposition. Results: POM and DOM showed significant differences in N and P content and the elemental ratios changed during the course of decomposition; DOM showed higher C:N and C:P ratios than POM, and the C:N and C:P ratios increased during decomposition, indicating the preferential mineralization of P over N and N over C. Conclusions: The N and P contents of organic matter in aquatic ecosystem are far from constant and vary significantly during decomposition. More detailed information on the changes in C:N:P ratios will provide improved understanding of decomposition processes and improved modeling of aquatic ecosystems.

A SOLVABLE SYSTEM OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

  • Taskara, Necati;Tollu, Durhasan T.;Touafek, Nouressadat;Yazlik, Yasin
    • 대한수학회논문집
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    • 제35권1호
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    • pp.301-319
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    • 2020
  • In this paper, we show that the system of difference equations $x_n={\frac{ay^p_{n-1}+b(x_{n-2}y_{n-1})^{p-1}}{cy_{n-1}+dx^{p-1}_{n-2}}}$, $y_n={\frac{{\alpha}x^p_{n-1}+{\beta}(y_{n-2}x_{n-1})^{p-1}}{{\gamma}x_{n-1}+{\delta}y^{p-1}_{n-2}}}$, n ∈ ℕ0 where the parameters a, b, c, d, α, β, γ, δ, p and the initial values x-2, x-1, y-2, y-1 are real numbers, can be solved. Also, by using obtained formulas, we study the asymptotic behaviour of well-defined solutions of aforementioned system and describe the forbidden set of the initial values. Our obtained results significantly extend and develop some recent results in the literature.

Lp SOBOLEV MAPPING PROPERTIES OF THE BERGMAN PROJECTIONS ON n-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED HARTOGS TRIANGLES

  • Zhang, Shuo
    • 대한수학회보
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    • 제58권6호
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    • pp.1355-1375
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    • 2021
  • The n-dimensional generalized Hartogs triangles ℍn𝐩 with n ≥ 2 and 𝐩 := (p1, …, pn) ∈ (ℝ+)n are the domains defined by ℍn𝐩 := {z = (z1, …, zn) ∈ ℂn : |z1|p1 < ⋯ < |zn|pn < 1}. In this paper, we study the Lp Sobolev mapping properties for the Bergman projections on the n-dimensional generalized Hartogs triangles ℍn𝐩, which can be viewed as a continuation of the work by S. Zhang in [25] and a higher-dimensional generalization of the work by L. D. Edholm and J. D. McNeal in [16].

P-STRONGLY REGULAR NEAR-RINGS

  • Dheena, P.;Jenila, C.
    • 대한수학회논문집
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.483-488
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    • 2012
  • In this paper we introduce the notion of P-strongly regular near-ring. We have shown that a zero-symmetric near-ring N is P-strongly regular if and only if N is P-regular and P is a completely semiprime ideal. We have also shown that in a P-strongly regular near-ring N, the following holds: (i) $Na$ + P is an ideal of N for any $a{\in}N$. (ii) Every P-prime ideal of N containing P is maximal. (iii) Every ideal I of N fulfills I + P = $I^2$ + P.