• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.313-323
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• 2015

Lipid peroxidation means the oxidative degradation of lipids. The process from the cell membrane lipids in an organism is generated by free radicals, and result in cell damage. Phlorotannins, well-known marine brown algal polyphenols, have been utilized in functional food supplements as well as in medicine supplements to serve a variety of purposes. In this study, we assessed the potential anti-lipid peroxidation activity of phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), one of the phlorotannins, isolated from Ecklonia cava by centrifugal partition chromatography in 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-stimulated Vero cells and zebrafish system. PFF-A showed the strongest scavenging activity against alkyl radicals of all other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited a strong protective effect against ROS and a significantly strong inhibited of malondialdehyde in AAPH-stimulated Vero cells. The apoptotic bodies and pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3, which were induced by AAPH, were strongly inhibited by PFF-A in a dose-dependent manner and expression of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic protein, was induced. In the AAPH-stimulated zebrafish model, additionally PFF-A significantly inhibited ROS and cell death, as well as exhibited a strong protective effect against lipid peroxidation. Therefore, these results suggest that PFF-A has excellent protective effects against ROS and lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH in both an in vitro Vero cell model and an in vivo zebrafish model.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.9-20
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• 1996

Oxygen free radicals can generated during metabolic processes in normal cells and by exposure of cells to toxic substances. These radicals have been recogenized to playa critical role in several pathological conditions including carcinogenesis and aging, and they have been implicated in pathogenesis of various diseases such as seizure, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myocardial infarction, respiratory distress syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study was undertaken to determine if Juglandis semen herb-acupuncture solution (JSHAS) has a protective effect against cell injury caused by oxidants, t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) and $H_{2}O_2$. Cell injury was estimated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and lipid perexidation was estimated by measurimg malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation. JSHAS significantly prevented LDH release induced by t-BHP or $H_{2}O_2$ in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 0.5-10%. Such protective effect was observed in control tissues untreated with oxidants. JSHAS, at 5% concentration, significantly reduced LDH release even when the concentrations of t-BHP and $H_{2}O_2$ increased to 5 and 200 mM, respectively. JSHAS, at 5% concentration, significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation by t-BHP and $H_{2}O_2$. These results indicate that JSHAS prevents cell injury and lipid peroxidation induced by oxidants in rabbit kidney cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to determined.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2008

To develop effective skin whitening agents, we tested natural herbal extracts for their melanogenic inhibitory activities. Sedum samentosum was selected for its inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Ethanolic extract of S. samentosum (SSE) was evaluated for antioxidative effect and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of melanogenesis. We investigated the changes in protein level and mRNA level of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2 by using western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. SSE showed scavenging activities of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the $IC_{50}$ of 342.7 $\mug/ml$ against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 64.69 $\mug/ml$ against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. SSE treatment suppressed the biosynthesis of melanin up to 46% and reduced tyrosinase activity up to 51% at 100 $\mug/ml$ in B16 melanoma cells. The tyrosinase activity and tyrosinase expression in B16 melanoma cells were reduced in a dose-dependent manner by SSE. Also, SSE was able to significantly inhibit tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression in mRNA level. These results suggest that SSE inhibited melanin production which may be dependent on tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells, and an effective whitening agent for the skin.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 1999

Purpose The single administration of PAN(Puromycin-Aminonudeoside) to rats results in nephropathy that are similar to human minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Recently several studies indicate the pathophyslological importance of oxygen free radicals in rats with PAN-induced nephrosis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of $\alpha$-tocopherol, an oxygen free radical scavenger, on the histologic and biochemical changes of PAN-induced nephrosis in rats. Methods : Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180-300 gm were divided into 3 groups. In group I (control group), the rats were given saline intraperitoneally for 12 days, in group II the rats were given PAN 7.5mg/100g of body weight intravenously one time and group III PAN intravenously, followed by $\alpha$-tocopherol 0.5 mg/100g of body weight jntramuscularly for 12 days. Twenty four hour urinary protein and creatinine excretion were measured on day 0, 5, 11 and 18. On the 18th day, rats were sacrificed for the determination of total serum protein, albumin and cholesterol levels. To estimate renal injuries by oxygen free radical, lipid peroxide concentration and reduced glutathione were measured in renal cortex. Histological examination in rat glomerular lesions were performed. Results : From the 5th days of PAN administration, urine protein/creatinine of group II and III were significantly increased compared the group I (P<0.05). But, urine protein/creatinine of group III was significantly lower than group II at 18th days (P<0.05). Total serum protein and albumin of group II were significantly lower than those of group III (P<0.05). Serum cholesterol of group II was significantly higher than that of group III (P<0.05). Lipid peroxide and reduced glutathione in renal cortex of group II were significantly higher than that of group I and III (P<0.05). Electron microscopic strudies of group II showed the loss of epithelial foot processes, but in group III showed preservation of epithelial foot processes. Conclusion : PAN-induced nephropathy was ameliorated significant recovery of foot process change and reduction of the urinary protein excretion by antioxidant, $\alpha$-tocopherol.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2020

Oxidative stress is a cascade reaction characterized by a significant increase in the amount of oxidized components. Free radicals produced by oxidative stress are one of the common features in several experimental models of disease, and contribute to wide range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Iron (II) species can participate in the Fenton, and Fenton-like reactions, to react with hydrogen peroxide and generate hydroxyl radical. As iron accumulation and oxidative stress are associated with the pathological progression of neurodegenerative diseases, iron chelation and antioxidant therapies have become strategies to combat these diseases. Due to the complexity of the redox system in vivo, a multifaceted approach may be an attractive therapeutic strategy. Further investigations are highly expected for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in future.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.466-471
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• 2002

Oxidative stress is considered to be associated with many diseases, such as inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, aging and cancer. An important etiological mechanism of these diseases may be a causal relationship between the presence of oxidants and the generation of lipid hydroperoxides derived from enzymatic reactions or xenobiotic metabolism. The hydroperoxides can be decomposed to alkoxy- (ROㆍ) and peroxy- (ROOㆍ) free radicals that can oxidize other cell components, resulting in changes in enzyme activity or the generation of mediators, which can cause further cell damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of aqueous extract from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), Changkil (CK), to affect cellular response in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes to t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. CK-treated cells showed an increased resistance to oxidative challenge, as revealed by a higher percent of survival capacity in respect to control cells. CK reduced t-BHP-enhanced lipid peroxidation measured as production of malondialdehyde and enhanced intracellular reduced glutathione depletion by t-BHP. Furthermore, CK protected from the t-BHP-induced intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species assessed by monitoring dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence. It can be concluded that CK exerts an antioxidant action inside the cell, responsible for the observed modulation of the cellular response to oxidative challenge, and CK have a marked antioxidative and hepatoprotective potency.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2013

The purposes of this article are understanding the meaning of yin deficiency interpreted with a perspective of Traditional Korean Medicine and a modern perspective a study and assigning modern diseases to yin deficiency pattern types. Clinical papers were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) from 1995 to 2013. Results are as follows. First, yin deficiency written in the "Neijing" has been understood in many ways. It is translated such as deficiency of yin qi, inner qi, essence, cubit pulse, yin meridians qi, viscera yin and kidney. Second, yin deficiency pattern are related with disorders of the endocrine system, immunity, energy metabolism, blood circulation, cytokine, microelements, lipid metabolism and capability of getting rid of oxygen free radicals. Third, from pattern types, diverse diseases classified in types involving the heat from yin deficiency, which reflects pathologic conditions of deficiency heat which is distinct characteristics of yin deficiency pattern. Various diseases classified in types related with liver or kidney are reported, which reflects two viscera are more related with yin deficiency than other viscera. Fourth, levels of pattern types surveyed are more specific than Korean Standard Classification of Diseases(KCD) and specific enough to be applied clinically. This article surveyed the categories of modern diseases yin deficiency pattern types is assigned to but the detailed relation between them will be necessary to be studied in the future.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2015

Most skin damage caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is owing to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Phytochemicals can act as antioxidants against UVB-induced oxidative stress. This study investigated the protective effects of the flavone galangin against UVB-induced oxidative damage in human keratinocytes. Galangin efficiently scavenged free radicals and reduced UVB-induced damage to cellular macromolecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. Furthermore, galangin rescued cells undergoing apoptosis induced by UVB radiation via recovering mitochondrial polarization and down-regulating apoptotic proteins. These results showed that galangin protects human keratinocytes against UVB radiation-induced cellular damage and apoptosis via its antioxidant effects.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

The present study was prospectively designed to assess the clinical effect of leukocyte-depleted blood cardioplegic solution (BCS) on myocardium during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). 30 adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were divided into control group (n＝15), which infused routine BCS, and leukocyte-depleted (LD) group (n＝15), which infused leukocyte-depleted BCS. Total and differential leukocyte counts in BCS, malondialdehyde (MDA) and troponin-T (TnT) concentrations in coronary sinus blood, and cardiac index (CI) were measured at preoperative and postoperative period. The BCS in LD group had less total leukocyte counts with neutropenia than that in control group (P＜0.01). MDA (3.70$\pm$0.35 vs 5.90$\pm$0.57 $\mu$mol/L, p<0.05) and TnT (0.42$\pm$0.03 vs 0.60$\pm$0.09 ng/mL, p<0.05) were significantly low in LD group compared with control group, while LD group had higher CI (3.28$\pm$0.16 L/min/$m^2$, p<0.05) than control group (2.69$\pm$0.18 L/min/$m^2$). These results suggest that leukocyte-depleted blood cardioplegic solution has a better myocardial protective effect with less generations of oxygen free radicals and ischemia/reperfusion injury.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2008

In recent years, there has been a globally increasing application of herbal medicines and dietary supplements to treat various chronic diseases and to promote health. However, there are increasing clinical reports on the organ toxicities associated with consumption of herbal medicines. In general, most xenobiotics are metabolized by Phase I reaction(the main enzyme : cytochrome P450) and Phase II reaction. However, reactive oxygen species, free radicals and electrophils are produced inevitably during xenobiotics metabolism. These toxic species and metabolites are increased whenever the endogenous substances and enzymes for Phase II reaction not available. In addition, herbal-drug interactions are pharmacokinetic, with most actually or theoretically affecting the metabolism of the affected product by way of the cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review updated the knowledge on metabolic activation of herbal components and its clinical and toxicological implications. Also, the possible way for preventing the side-effects by herbal-medicine use was suggested.