• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.105-108
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• 2000

To evaluate an effect of oxygen free radical on the toluence metabolism, the rats were fed on a tungstate sup-plemented diet(0.75g of tungstate included in 1kg of standard diet) or a standard diet. To the present xanthine oxidase deficient animal model, toluene(0.15ml/100g of body weight) was injected and then the animals were sacrificed after 24 hrs to determine the toluene metabolizing enzyme activities and toluene metabolite, hippuric acid concentration. The increasing rate of urinary hippuric acid concentration was significantly(p<0.01) higher in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. Hepatic cytochrome P_450 contents were significantly higher(p<0.01) in tungstate fed animals than in standard diet fed ones. And tungstate fed animals showed a ten-dency of higher activities of benzylalcohol dehydrogenase while a significantly higher activites of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (p<0.01) than standard diet fed animals. In conclusion, the more possibly reduced oxygen free radical in toluene-treated rats fed with a tungstate supplemented diet than in those fed with a standard diet would be responsible for the enhancement of toluene metabolism.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.99-102
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• 2001

Toluene is mainly metabolized in liver by oxidative pathway. Oxigen free radicals occur through the process of toluene metabolism Therefore it causes tissue and cell min by the oxygen free radicals from the metabolism of toluene. Melatonin acts as a highly efficient free radical scavenger that protects cells from damage by oxygen free radicals. To test this hypothesis, toluene hepatotoxicity was induced by an abdominal injection of toluene. To see if the melatonin protects the rat's liver, melatonin was administrated orally, at the time of each toluene injection. Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanin aminotransferase(ALT), latic dehydrogenase(LDH) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) levels in serum were measured to estimate hepatic function. Malondialdehyde(MDA), which gives an indirect index of oxidative injury was also measured. Hippuric acid is the last metabolic Production of toluene was measured by HPLC. There were significantly higher in AST, ALT, LDH, MDA and hippuric acid in toluene group, but there were no significant difference in melatonin group except ALT and hippuric acid. There was significantly lower in ALP level in toluene group, but there was no significant difference melatonin group, suggesting a significant hepatotoxicity due to oxygen free radicals through the process of toluene metabolism Melatonin treatment significantly protected hepatic function and free radical-mediated injury in the liver against toluene-induced changes. Accordingly, this study shows that melatonin is helpful in protecting liver injury by acute toluene intoxication.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2003

In the biological world, there are a number of ecological fights for survival between each organism such as plants, animals and microorganism In such events, an organism can use its natural bioactive products as defence agent against other organisms. Furthermore, natural bioactive products can be utilized for medicine or functional food. Recently, we investigate the effect of Monascus pigment extracted from a fungus, Monascus anke, on the alcohol metabolism and blood lipid profile. In the present study, it is observed that Monascus pigment supplemented dietary may have a hepatoprotective effect on rat's liver damage induced with $CCl_4$ . By treatment with $CCl_4$(3 times, I.P), liver damage was reduced more in the rats fed 2% Monascus pigment extract supplemented diet than those fed standard diet, based on the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, microsomal glucose-6-phosphatse activity and hepaic malondialdehyde content. On the other hand, oxygen free radical generating enzymes, hepatic P-450 dependent aniline hydroxylase, xanthine oxidase, and oxygen free radical scavenging enzymes, hepatic glutathione S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase activities were generally higher both in $CCl_4$ treated group and control fed 2% Monascus pigment extract supplemented diet than those fed standard diet. In conclusion, the rats fed 2% Monascus pigment extract supplemented diet showed more reduced liver damage than those fed standard diet, which may be due to the acceleration of oxygen free radical metabolism.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.83-88
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• 2001

Most reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals and implicated in the development of a number of disease processes including artherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, aging and cancer. ROS are byproducts of a number of in vivo metabolic processes and are formed deliberately as part of nor-mal inflammatory response. On the other hand, ROS are generated either as by products of oxygen reduction during xenobiotic metabolism or are liberated as the result of the futile redox cycling of the chemical agents including several chemical carcinogens. A better understanding of the mechanisms of free radical toxicity may yield valuable clue to risks associated with chemical exposures that leading to the development of chronic diseases including cancer. The molecular biology of ROS-mediated alterations in gene expression, signal transduction and carcinognesis is one of the important subjects in free radical toxicology. Epidemiological studies suggest that high intake of vegetables and fruits are associated with the low incidence of human cancer. Many phytopolyphenols such as tea polyphenols, curcumin, resveratrol, apigenin, genistein and other flavonoids have been shown to be cancer chemopreventive agents. Most of these compounds are strong antioxidant and ROS scavengers in vitro and effective inducers of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutatse, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in vivo. Several cellular transducers namely receptor tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C, MAPK, PI3K, c-jun, c-fos, c-myc, NFkB, IkB kinase, iNOS, COX-2, Bcl-2, Bax, etc have been shown to be actively modulated by phyto-polyphenols. Recent development in free radical toxicology have provided strong basis for understanding the action mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.664-668
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• 2002

Antioxidants either scavenge superoxide and free radicals or stimulate the detoxification mechanisms within cells, resulting in increased detoxification of free radicals formation. Hyperin, isolated from the stem of Uncaria rhynchophylla, prevented oxygen radical formation and inhibited lipid oxidation. The effective concentrations were 31.3 $\mu$M for a radical scavenging assay and 2.2 $\mu$M for a microsome assay. cDNA microarray analysis to determine which genes were modulated by hyperin found that 50 genes were upregulated and 37 genes were downregulated in SNU-668 human gastric cancer cells. Among these genes, thirteen genes that were significantly affected by hyperin were verified by RT-PCR for their effect of genetic reprogramming.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.359-365
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• 1997

Many factors are known to be responsible for cerebral ischemic injury, such as excitatory neurotransmitters, increased intraneuronal calcium, or disturbance of cellular energy metabolism. Recently, oxygen free radicals, formed during ischemia/reperfusion, have been proposed as one of the main causes of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, to investigate the role of oxygen free radical during ischemia/reperfusion, in the present study the effect of endogenous oxygen free radical scavenger, superoxide dismutase / catalase(SOD / catalase) on the release of [$^3$H]-5-hydroxytryptamine([$^3$H]-5-HT) during hypoxia/reoxygenation in rat hippocampal slices was measured. The hippocampus was obtained from the rat brain and sliced 400 gm thickness with manual chopper. After 30 min's preincubation in the normal buffer, the slices were incubated for 20 min in a buffer containing [$^3$H]-5-HT(0.1 $\mu$M, 74 $\mu$Ci) for uptake, and washed. To measure the release of [$^3$H]-5-HT into the buffer, the incubation medium was drained off and refilled every ten minutes through a sequence of 14 tubes. Induction of hypoxia for 20 min (gassing it with 95% N$_2$/5% CO$_2$) was done in the 6th and 7th tube, and oxygen free radical scavenger, SOD / catalase was added 10 minutes prior to induction of hypoxia. The radioactivity in each buffer and the tissue were counted using liquid scintillation counter and the results were expressed as a percentage of the total activity. When slices were exposed to hypoxia for 20 min, [$^3$H]-5-HT release was markedly decreased and a rebound release of [$^3$H]-5-HT was observed on the post-hypoxic reoxygenation period. SOD / catalase did not changed the release of [$^3$H]-5-HT in control group, but inhibited the decrease of [$^3$H]-5-HT release in hypoxic period and rebound increase of [$^3$H]-5-HT in reoxygenation period. This result suggest that superoxide anion may play a role in the hypoxic-, and reoxygenation-induced change of [$^3$H]-5-HT release in rat hippocampal slices.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2003

한국전통차로 알려진 녹차, 감잎, 홍화 및 두충 열수추출물이 납투여된 흰쥐의 유해 활성산소 대사에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 체중 kg당 25 mg의 납을 매주 1회 경구 투여 하였다. 녹차, 감잎, 홍화 및 두충 열수추출물은 매일 일정시간에 체중 kg당 1.26 g 수준이 되도록 4주간 경구 투여 하여 사육한 결과 간조직 중 과산화지질 함량은 납 단독투여군이 정상군에 비하여 유의적으로 증가되었으며 한국전통차 급여시 과산화지질 생성을 현저하게 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 간조직 중의 CYP 함량과 AD 활성은 납 투여시 유의적으로 감소되었으나 각각의 열수추출물 급여시 납투여로 억제된 활성이 회복됨으로써 한국전통차 급여가 CYP 함량과 산화적 디메틸화율을 증가시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 납투여로 증가된 간조직의 XO와 SOD의 활성은 녹차, 감잎, 홍화 및 두충 열수추출물 급여시 활성이 유의적으로 억제되었다. MAO 활성은 납 투여시 정상군에 비하여 유의적이지는 않으나 증가되었으며 녹차와 감잎 열수추출물 급여로 활성 증가가 현저하게 억제되었다. 간조직 중 CAT 활성은 납투여시 약 3.3배 증가되었는데 감잎군 37%, 녹차군 34%, 두충군 30%, 홍화군 28%, 순으로 억제되는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 GSH-Px와 GST 활성 및 글루타티온 함량은 정상군에 비하여 납 단독투여시 유의적인 감소를 보였으나 한국전통차 급여로 회복되었다. GR 활성은 실험군간에 변화가 관찰되지 않았으나 G6PD 활성은 납투여로 증가된 활성이 실험식이 급여시 유의적으로 감소되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권2호통권82호
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• pp.230-234
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• 2007

생체는 산소를 소비하는 대사 과정 중에 초산화물(superoxide, $O_{2}$), 과산화수소($H_2O_2$), 수산 라디칼(OH)과 같은 다양한 활성산소(reactive oxygen)들을 생성하게 되며, 그 중에서도 hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)는 biological membrane을 자유롭게 통과하며, 세포내에서 hydroxyl radical 등의 반응성이 큰 활성 산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)을 발생시키는 작용을 하는 강력한 산화제이다. 세포를 계대 배양 (5, 15, 25, 35 passage)하여 $H_2O_2$를 농도별(100 ${\mu}M$, 500 ${\mu}M$, 1 mM, 5 mM)로 처리하고, 또한 $H_2O_2$의 처리 시간(30 분, 1 시간)을 변화시킴으로써, Hepatoma 세포주에서 $H_2O_2$ 처리에 의한 Cu/Zn SOD의 발현을 Northern blot을 통하여 다음과 같이 분석하였다. 1)Hepatoma 세포주에서 시간별, 농도별로 산화제를 처리 했을 때 각각의 경우에서 발현양의 차이는 적었지만, 오랜 시간동안 고농도의 산화제에 노출시켰을 때 항산화 능력이 증가한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 2)계대배양을 증가시키는 것은 노화가 진행된다는 것을 의미하므로, 산화제를 처리했을 때 25 passage에서 35 passage 단계에서 항산화 효소의 발현 정도가 급격히 감소되는 것으로 미루어 보아 이 단계에서 노화가 진행되었음을 추측할 수 있었다. 3)동일한 시간과 농도로 처리했을 때 각각의 passage의 발현 level에서 보이는 양상과는 다르게 35 passage에서는 500${\mu}M$이상의 농도를 1 시간동안 노출시켰을 경우에 Cu/Zn SOD가 거의 발현되지 않았으며, 30 분 동안 노출시켰을 때에는 500 ${\mu}M$의 농도까지 방어할 수 있는 능력을 가진 것으로 보인다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 자하거약침액의 항산화기능에 관련한 생리활성을 보기 위하여 대한약침학회에서 제공받은 자하거 약침액을 시료로 사용하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 자하거 약침액 원액에서 24.641 mg/L로 이는 산수유 등과 같은 약용식물과 비슷한 수준의 함량이다. 자하거약침액원액에서 DPPH radical 소거능과 Superoxide dismutase(SOD) 유사활성 측정은 각각 49.4%, 50.87%였다. 또한 ABTS radical 소거능과 Nitrite radical 소거능(pH1.5)에서는 각각 50.01%, 52.8%로 ABTS radical과 Nitrite radical 소거능이 우수하였다. 본 실험결과로볼 때, 자하거 약침액은 항산화능력은 뛰어난 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 현재 자하거 약침액과 관련된 실험이 부족한 실정이기 때문에 앞으로 이에 관련된 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2010

Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) are continuously produced at a high rate as a by-product of aerobic metabolism. Since tissue damage by free radical increases with age, the reactive oxygen species(ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$), nitric oxide(NO). Several lines of evidence provided that ROS appears to cause to develop aging-related various diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular disease. Our reserch objective was to examine the in vitro biological activity of Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture, including the total poly-phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, Superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity, Nitrite scavenging ability. The total poly-phenol contents of Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture was 35.859mg/L. Elctron donation ability on DPPH was 36.82%. The 2,2'-azinobis-3-ehtlbezothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical decolorization (ABTS) was 84.7%. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities of Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture was 44.33%. The nitrite scavenging effects were pH dependent, and were highest at pH 1.5(45.2%) and lowest at pH 6.0(11.3%). We conclude that Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture may be useful as potential sources of antioxidant.