• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.102-119
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop various designs through renewing and changing perception of accessories by examining various and arbitrary Kitsch. For the method of this study, literature review was mainly used for research of formative characteristics in Kitsch fashion. 798 pieces of work from fashion magazines and website with a focus on Milan, Paris, London and New York collections, in the decade of 2000-2010 were collected. The results of this study are as follows. First, the characteristic of exaggeration is classified into two types: the visual exaggeration, which is characterized by psychological expression through excessive images and (2) the collecting exaggeration, which is not simple but a want of large quantities. Second, the characteristic of satire is classified into two types: (1) the imitation-satire, which satirizes messages to societies with creative humor by using easily consumed materials and (2) the resistance-satire, which is destructive and offensive against isolation and desolation of a capitalistic society. Third, the characteristic of amusement is classified into two types: (1) the playful-amusement, which raises a laugh slyly by using clever materials and (2) the childish-amusement, which involves childish imagination and humor-sense because of desire to be a child. Fourth, the characteristic of nostalgia is classified into two types: (1) the romantic character expressing a departure from modern society, which is desolate because of the urbanization process, and (2) the intermediate character recreating an esthetic category by interacting with different and relative elements. Fifth, the characteristic of inappropriateness is expressed through a deliberate mistake, and it denies existing senses of beauty by overturning common sense and creating new senses of beauty, expressions in distortion and modification of stereotype.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2005

In the conventional outrigger system, the outriggers are located in the planes of the core walls and this system has disadvantage of obstructing flexibility in the interior layout. But thc facade riggers in the structure uc located In the exterior frames in the direction of the lateral loading. The interaction between the traced frames and facade riggers is through the floor diaphragms adjacent to the chords of the riggers. This paper presents an approximate analysis technique lot preliminary analysis of multiple facade rigger stiffened braced frames in tall buildings subjected to uniformly and triangularly distributed loads as well as a lateral point load at the top of the structure. Comparisons with the results by the program MIDAS for the structural models have shown that this analysis can give reasonably accurate results for highrise braced frames with multiple facade riggers. The method allows a simple procedure for obtaining the optimum level of the facade riggers in addition to a rapid assessment of the influence of the facade riggers on the performance of the highrise structure such as the reduction in lateral deflection at the top and the overturning moment at the base of the braced frame.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.95-104
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• 2002

In this study, a reliability-based design (RBD) procedure for determining design values fur anchored sheet pile wall is proposed considering overturning about the anchor point as the major failure mode. In this design procedure, the depth of embedment of the sheet pile wall is logically chosen in accordance with degrees of uncertainties of design input parameters using approximate probabilistic computation methods. These methods have been successfully used in the geotechnical engineering requiring neither understandings of complex probabilistic theories nor efforts to prepare more data. It was investigated that the design results by the proposed method were compatible with those by commonly used deterministic design methods. Additionally, in an effort to investigate the effects of changes in the degree of uncertainties of major design variables on the design results of the sheet pile wall, a sensitivity analysis was peformed.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.31-45
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate the stability of a quay wall in case of wave overtopping under the combined action of an earthquake and tsunami using limit equilibrium method. The tsunami force was calculated by using a numerical program called TWOPM-3D (3-D one-field Model for immiscible TWO-Phase flows). Especially, the wave force acting behind the quay wall after a tsunami wave overtopping was estimated by treating back fill as a permeable material. The stability of the quay wall was assessed for both the sliding and overturning modes under passive and active conditions. The variation in the stability of the quay wall with time was determined by parametric studies, including those for the tsunami wave height, seismic acceleration coefficient, internal friction angle of the soil, wall friction angle, and pore water pressure ratio. When the earthquake and tsunami were considered simultaneously, the tsunami induced wave overtopping increased the stability of the quay wall under the passive condition, but in the active condition, the safety factors decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.58-63
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• 2013

LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas) has been considered as the green energy. Thus, the demand of natural gas is keep increasing around the world, and various studies are actively under progress about the LNG storage tank. To calculate the seismic forces of actual LNG storage tank, FEM model has to include inner tank, outer tank, pile and soil to implement the interaction between structure and ground. So, this paper is represent the study about inner tank model of three cases using Malhotra method in EN 1998-4(European Standard). The results of calculation were compared, and the most suitable to inner tank model was suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2011

The performance-based design is highlighted as an alternative for the current design method, which cannot definitely specify the performance level that a building requires. Research on it is already in progress, however, in developed countries like the United States and Japan, to establish the basis for a performance-based design. Many studies on such design are also being conducted in South Korea, but South Korea still lags behind other countries in all-around technology. On the other hand, the column members, especially the lower external column, are affected by the variation of the axial force by overturning the moments in the case of lateral loads by earthquake. Varying the axial force can affect the time of local buckling and the ultimate behavior. Thus, in this study, the structural performance, such as the time of local buckling and the ultimate behavior, was analyzed through an experimental study on column members under varying axial force. The feasibility of a domestic study proposing a performance level with a story drift angle formed about a structural-performance-based steel structure design was also verified.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.59-66
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• 2014

Nowadays, some studies are performed in order to introduce the Limit State Design method widely used in foreign work sites. LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design) method is widely used in the fields in which the data accumulation is possible - such as deep foundations, and shallow foundations, etc. The limit state design in the retaining walls is insufficient in the country owing to difficulties applying load tests. The limit state design method for retaining wall structures are studied based upon the National Retaining wall Design Standard legislated in 2008 by Ministry of Land, Transport, and Maritime Affairs. In this paper several retaining walls were calculated according to LRFD design criteria analysis using the general program with limit state design method and the factor of safety for sliding and overturning. Comparing with their results, the Taylor's series simple reliability analysis was performed. In the analysis results of retaining wall section, safety factors calculated by LRFD were found to be lowered than those calculated in current WSD, and it is possibly judged to be economic design by changing wall dimensions. In the future, pre-assessment of the geotechnical data for ensuring the reliability and the studies including reinforced retaining walls with ground anchor are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-25
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• 2023

In this study, the design and numerical analysis method of the inclined self-supported wall using cement treated soil were studied. In the case of the inclined self-supported wall, the active earth pressure decreased due to the decrease in the coefficient, Ka according to the slope (angle) and the weight decreasing effect, thereby increasing the overall stability. The wall with the slope caused a change in failure mode from overturning to sliding on the excavation side, and the optimal slope was evaluated to be about 10°. Compared to the strength reduction method, the overall stability in numerical analysis results in conservative results in limit equilibrium analysis, so it was found that this method should be attended when designing. As a result of the parameteric study, the stability on bearing capacity and compression failure did not significantly increase above the slope of 10° when the surcharge was small (about 20kPa or less). In the case of cohesion of the backfill, The results similar to numerical analysis were found to consider cohesion. It was evaluated that stability on sliding, oveturning, shear, and tension failure increases in proportion to the thickness of the wall, but there is no significant change in the stability on the bearing capacity and compressive failure regardless of the thickness of the wall above a certain angle (about 10°).

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.17-30
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to evaluate the lateral earth pressure and the stability of small scale retaining wall with waste foundry sand(WFS) mixtures as a controlled low strength materials (CLSM). Three different types of WFS, like Green WFS, Hurane WFS and Coated WFS, were used in this study, and fly ash of Class F type was adopted. To evaluate the lateral earth pressure and the stability of retaining wall, two different samll scale retaining wall tests, which are called an artificially controlled strain method and a natural strain method, were carried out. In case of an artificially controlled strain method, the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, just after backfilling of WF mixtures, was around 0.8 to 1.0, and most of earth pressure was dissipated within 12 hours. In case of a natural strain method, two steps of stage constructions were employed. The mixtures of Hurane WFS and Coated WFS showed fast decrease of earth pressure due to a relatively good drainage. Judging from the sta bility of retaining wall for overturning and sliding, two steps of stage construction for 2 days were enough to finish the backfill of 6-m height of retaining wall. Also, considering the curling effect of WFS mixtures, the stability of retaining wall increased as curling time increased.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.89-99
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• 2006

The PCRW (Precast Concrete Retaining Wall) has many advantages compared with cast in place concrete retaining wall : shorter construction period, excellency of quality and minimum interference with the adjacent structure and traffics. However, shallow foundation type of PCRW, which has comparatively better ground condition, has some disadvantages such as difficulty in transportation and higher cost due to the size of PCRW being expanded by resisting only with self-weight if there is no other supplementary reinforcement. The presented study, in order to complement such disadvantages of PCRW, have applied the micropile method. The micropile method has advantages like low-cost and high-efficiency and does not require huge space, because it can be executed with small size equipment. However, the mechanical behavior characteristics of the PCRW reinforced by micropile, which is installed to improve the reinforcement effect, is not yet clearly identified and there is no suggested standard as to the length, diameter, install angle and install position of micropiles. Hence, this method is yet being designed depend on engineer's experience. In this study, various laboratory model tests as to sliding and overturning were performed in order to identify and present the optimum type of reinforcement and reinforcement effect of the PCRW reinforced by micropiles. In addition, it also executed numerical analysis for the purpose of verifying the optimum type of reinforcement for micropiles based on the results of laboratory model tests. The optimum reinforcement type of micropiles was estimated by model test and numerical analysis. The length of micropiles is 0.4 times wall height and the diameter is 0.04 times wall length.