• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.238-241
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• 2011

An average Korean known to ingest 3.4 times of the nitrate ADI level are found to have taken in 97% of nitrates through vegetables. This study analyzed the contents of nitrates and chlorophyll in organic Chinese cabbages, a major favorite vegetable for Koreans, with a view to lowering daily intake of nitrate. Our findings show that, in organically cultivated cabbages, the further outward the leaf was located, the more significantly the contents of nitrates increased, with the midrib and leaf blade showing positive relationship of $r=0.789^{**}$, and $r=0.659^{**}$, respectively. In the case of the midrib, the contents increased as high as 79 times ranging from 40ppm for the innermost leaf to 3, 177ppm for the outermost one, and when it comes to the leaf blade, the contents rose as high as 87 times, showing a range of 40 ~ 3,481ppm. Our findings also suggest that it is advisable to discard 1/3 of the outermost leaves before eating Chinese cabbages, since the outer leaves with known high contents of chlorophyll also have high contents of nitrates.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.133-140
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• 2014

Objectives : Paemo is a phlegm-resolving drug with cold properties and classified 5 kinds which come from 11 species of original plant. All the more, according to literature record, 20 species of original plant were used. As a natural result, these are easily to confuse and there are a lot of counterfeit product. So we are to present a differential standard of Paemo. Methods : It was planed a differential standard form through outer appearance of the original plant and outer appearance in the form of each medicines which was collected local market or field for 11 species which is listed in Korea or China pharmacopeia. Results : It was possible to distinguish the orignal plant between Fritillaria and Bolbostemma through its stem shape. In Fritillaria of original plant, it was possible to distinguish through its width of leaf, number of leafy bracts, color and position of flower and shape of leaf apex. In outer appearance in the form of each medicines, there are difference in color and texture of medicine between Fritillaria and Bolbostemma and there are difference in size, shape, size of inner and outter fleshy leaf of bulb, pattern of surface and apex of fleshy leaf of bulb among 10 Fritillaria species. Conclusions : This study presents various differences in the outer appearance of the original plant and the outer appearance in the form of each medicines among Paemo. It will be helpful to further applied research.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.115-127
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• 1998

Under the visual judgement of consumers, to reduce nitrate intake through vegetables, this experimentation analyzed the content of nitrate, in heading leaf vegetables such as chinese cabbage(Brassica campestris L. ssp. perkinensis (Lour.) Rupr), cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) by the leaf number. And the result is summarized as follows In the nitrate content change by the leaf number, the nitrate content is increased as it goes by from inner leaf to outer leaf and the nitrate content in leaf midrib is higher than that in leaf blade. In case of chinese cabbage, the nitrate content in the leaf midrib from the most inner leaf to the most outer leaf changed 40-3,177ppm and in the leaf blade it changed 40-2,887ppm. But the nitrate content in the leaf blade of cabbage from the most inner leaf to the most outer leaf changed 89~2,297ppm and in the leaf blade it changed 25~765ppm. In case of lettuce, the nitrate content change of the leaf midrib by the leaf position was 419~4,349ppm, and in the leaf blade it changed 260~2894ppm. It was conclude that the outer leaf of chinese cabbage, cabbage and lettuce should be removed to keep the lower nitrate intake by population before it is consumed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1994

In order to understand the mechanism of the wide occurrence of tipburn phenomenon in Chinese cabbage grown under protected cultivation, Chinese cabbage cultivated in two experimental plots was analyzed based on the distribution of some mineral elements by region in the plant and in the soil. The following results were obtained : 1) The occurrence of tipburn is not related to the concentration of Ca in the soil. 2) The concentration of Ca by region in the plant increased in the order such as inner leaf < middle leaf < outer leaf and inner vein < middle vein < outer vein. 3) From this results the cause of occurrence of tipburn phenomenon in Chinese cabbage which occurred at fixed times in the growth and development of the plant can be controlled by modifying environmental factors in order to prevent excessive transpiration in the inner leaf.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 1995

In order to find out the effects of shading and nitrogen fertilizer on $NO_3^-$ accumulation in the edible parts of chinese cabbage, Cutivar, "Seoul", was cultivated in the pots under glasshouse condition with different rates of shading(0, 15, 30, 50, 75%) and nitrogen fertilization(recommended level, and double rate of recommended level). Leaf length, leaf width, yield (leaf weight), root width and root weight in the 15% shading rate showed the highest value, but decreased in the over 30% shading rates. The highest yield showed in the plot of the 15% shading rate with double rate application of recommended N level. High rate of shading increased the $NO_3^-$ accumulation, especially in midrib and outer leaf compared to leaf blade and inner leaf, respectively. The average $NO_3^-$ accumulation of edible parts of chinese cabbage are $4,872mg\;kg^{-1}$(outer midrib), $2,363mg\;kg^{-1}$(inner midrib), $1,405mg\;kg^{-1}$(outer leaf blade) and $727mg\;kg^{-1}$(inner leaf blade). $NO_3^-$ accumulation of outer midrib in the plots of double application of recommended N level were no difference between shading rate containing $5,000{\sim}6,000mg\;kg^{-1}$ $NO_3^-$, while in the plots of recommended N level it was increased by elevating shading rate. It was concluded that overuse of nitrogen fertiliration for chinese cabbage in glasshouse condition might lead to increase $NO_3^-$ accumulation. It could be advisable to cut out both the out leaf blade and outer midrib which might accumulate the high concentration of $NO_3^-$ before consumption.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.63-75
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• 1997

This study aims to find out the devices to minimize the amount of nitrate ingested from kimchi, the main way of vegetable intake for Koreans, and the basic data to deliver to calculate the total daily intake for Korean, investigating the year-round changes of nitrate content in vegetables for Kimche raw material, and changes of nitrate content by salting of chinese cabbage, and stewed kimchi through the use of different cooking methods. The results obtained were summarized as follow: over between 205-6655mg/kg f.w. in chinese cabbage, 480-3970mg/kg f.w. in chinese radish, 157-5820mg/kg f.w. in lettuce and 29-520mg/kg f.w. in cucumber respectively. Therefore it was strongly adviced to introduce the nitrate limit value of vegetables in Korea if the nitrate content in Kimchi should be reduced to meet the nitrate ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake, 219mg60kg b.w) of FAO.WHO, because the nitrate content in Kimchi reflects the nitrate content in vegetables. In order to keep the low nitrate content in Kimchi. it was adviced to remove the outer leaf which contains 2-3 times higher nitrate content compare to the inner leaf at the time of preparation, i.e. chinese cabbage, before the soaking treatment in salt solution for Kimchi making process. The dehydration by soaking treatment in salt solution occurred at 0.9%~4.7% in leaf midrib and more than 13%~24% in leaf blade. The nitrate content after soaking in salt solution was increased 107%~123% compared with before soaking, increasing rates of nitrate content in the outer and inner leaf midrib were higher than those in leaf blade. The increase of nitrate content in salt solution after soaking due to the dehydration of chinese cabbage by soaking treatment. The Kimchi stew(Kimchi JJige) was processed with and without animal oil, but the amount of nitrate in kimchi stew did not decrease both treatments, but it increased after the processing since the water in Kimchi stew has got low by boiling.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 1993

This study reports the influence of nitrogen application on the yield and the accumulation of $NO_3{^-}$ in edible parts of major vegetables in a pot experiment treated with five levels(0, 1, 2, 4, 8g N/pot) of nitrogen. In the $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation of chinese cabbage the outer leaf were superior to the inner leaf. The $NO_3{^-}$ contents of the midrib in outer and inner leaf were higher than those of the leaf blade. By increasing the nitrogen application, the accumulationsgap in $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation between midrib and leaf blade in a leaf, became larger. The difference ratio of $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation in the outer leaf reached 4.8:1 at 8g N/pot treatment. In theradish, the $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation in the aerial root parts is higher than those of the underground root parts, and it is higher in the leaf than in the petiole. The accumulation of $NO_3{^-}$ in sarcocarp of cucumber was increased along with the added amount of nitrogen, but contents of $NO_3{^-}$ in the core of the cucumber showed no differences in the treatment levels. The $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation differences of outer sarcocarp vs. inner core parts in cucumber was increased along with the higher nitrogen levels, and its difference ratio of $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation reached 13.1:1 at 8g N/pot treatment. The highest $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation in edible parts of chinese cabbage, radish and cucumber were found at the 8g N/pot treatment, and were 3,664ppm in the outer leaf midrib of chinese cabbage, 3,449ppm in the aerial part of root of radish, and 484ppm in sarcocarp part of cucumber. Compared with the control each 130 times, 40.8 times, 20.9 times, respectively. There are positive correlation coefficients between the amount of nitrogen fertilization, $NO_3{^-}$ accumulation in the edible parts, yield, and yield components of edible parts.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1990

Metaldehyde Granule (6%) was sprayed 7, 15 and 30 days before harvest at the level of 0.3kg AI/l0a to evaluate metaldehyde residues on the inner and outer part of chinese cabbage. Roots of chinese cabbage were also analyzed. Results were as follows : 1. The amount of free acetaldehyde in chinese cabbage was 0.02-0.18ppm. 2. It was shown that metaldehyde residues in the leaf and root of chinese cabbage increased as the number of treatment increased and treatment period decreased. 3. The metaldehyde residue range in the leaf was in the range of 0.11-1.4ppm 4. The difference of metaldehyde residue on the inner and outer part of chinese cabbage was in the range of 0.01-0.6ppm and the residue on inner parts was slightly higher than outer part. 5. The metaldehyde residue in the root was in the range of 0.04-0.63ppm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Knowing in a view of legislation, we are able to use modernly the interior of registered cultural property with its preservation and its use freely in the limit of not changing the outer appearance. And on investigation, many building registered as cultural property has been used continuously with the function kept or changed. It means that modern building must keep their function at kept to survive in a change of city construction. Likewise, even Jae cheon leaf tobacco receipt agency lose the original function, there will be great possibilities that the agency may be changed or disappeared if we don't preserve it or give it a new function by making out the meaning of preservation. So, if Jae Cheon leaf tobacco receipt agency is restored as mentioned above in close cooperation with related organization, Jae Cheon area will demonstrate the meaning as a representative producing district of leaf tobacco with its cultural value in Korean modern ages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2018

Aloe gel layer is well known as raw materials of medicines and cosmetics due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In aloe gel extracting process, the outer part of the leaf was removed. It contains high quality of fiber and many nutrients. However, this part is thrown away and generally used as fertilizer. The purpose of this research was to examine the important nutrient of Aloe saponaria. Moreover, the feasibility of using aloe as a dietary supplement by feeding fermentation treatment of aloe was investigated. To do this, the aloe leaf was divided into several parts including leaf skin, bottom of the leaf, tip of the leaf, middle of the leaf, and leaf flesh. Then the saponin content were analyzed from each part. The extraction method was used to clarify the saponin content. The aloe then fermented to improve it benefit. The fermented Aloe then given as dietary food to group of pig. Finally, the appropriate feed level was determined and the pork meat quality was analyzed. The extraction of saponin shows that the highest concentration of saponin located on the skin of the leaf. The feeding experiment shows that there is no significant difference in pig growth without aloe dietary food and groups with aloe as dietary food. It was conclude that fermented aloe can replace the pigs normal feeder as an alternative feeding solution.